Childhood mental health

Question 1

What are 3 things involved in infant mental health?

Answer 1

emotional competence
form close interpersonal relationships
explore environment and learn

Question 2

What does emotional competence involve?

Answer 2

both extrinsic (parental ‘holding’ of emotions) and intrinsic (development in brain) processes

Question 3

social and emotional development (0-5) milestones

Answer 3

birth-6ms = basic emotions observed
6months = infant aware of others
7 months = separation + stranger anxiety
12 months = reflect emotions of peers and social referencing
1-2 yrs = 1 yr complex emotions observed like shame
2-3 years = 1 year theory of mind, pretend play, embarrassment and guilt

Question 4

What is temperament?

Answer 4

characteristics that make up core of personality and person’s nature

Question 5

Thomas and Chess (1977) typology of temperament

Answer 5

easy (cheerful, adaptable, rhythmic)
difficult (easily upset by novelty)
slow to warm (inactive, adjusts slowly to novelty)

Question 6

Bowlby: types of attachment

Answer 6

secure attachment
insecure attachment

Question 7

Meltzer: prevalence of chid mental health problems

Answer 7

10% of children aded 5-15 years had a mental disorder

Question 8

What is the most common reason for referral to CAMHS?

Answer 8

childhood disruptive behaviour difficulties e.g aggressive behaviours

Question 9

What are 4 risk factors in child mental health?

Answer 9

deprivation
rejection by parents/peers
abuse
brain damage

Question 10

What are 3 protective factors in child mental health?

Answer 10

supportive relationship with parents
sense of competence
access to good educational resources

Question 11

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 11

aggression as a result of trying to achieve some external aim
hurt is incidental

Question 12

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 12

child deliberately attacks another in order to hurt them

Question 13

What is reactive aggression?

Answer 13

aggression in response to some provocation (real or perceived)

Question 14

What is proactive aggression?

Answer 14

aggression used to achieve a specific goal
different to instrumental as hurt is not always incidental
view aggressive acts more positively

Question 15

What is indirect aggression?

Answer 15

not aimed directly at someone but via third party such as speeding rumours about someone

Question 16

What are sex differences in aggression?

Answer 16

boys are more likely to use physical aggression
girls are more likely to use indirect aggression

Question 17

Crick and Grotpeter (1995): relational aggression

Answer 17

used term ‘relational aggression’ to describe indirect aggression
intended to damage another’s self esteem or social status

Question 18

Trembley (2003): physical aggression

Answer 18

physically aggressive behaviours are most frequent around 2 years of age

Question 19

What is the resource control theory?

Answer 19

idea that socially dominant individuals get preferred access to resources in social groups
use strategies to achieve social dominance

Question 20

What are the 2 strategies?

Answer 20

coercive (involves threats)
prosocial (alliances)

Question 21

What are 3 origins of aggressive behaviour?

Answer 21

genetics
parenting
peer groups

Question 22

Patterson et al: origins of aggressive behaviours

Answer 22

in early childhood = poor parental discipline
Middle childhood = rejection by peers or academic failure
late childhood = commitment to deviant peer group

Question 23

What are callous-unemotional (CU) traits?

Answer 23

lack of guilt and empathy
callous use of other’s for one’s own gain

Question 24

What are some assessment methods for bullying?

Answer 24

teacher or parent report
pupil self report
observation

Question 25

What are 6 types of bullying?

Answer 25

physical
verbal
indirect / relational
identity based bullying
cyber bullying

Question 26

What is identity based bullying?

Answer 26

bullying victim due to them being a member of a particular group

Question 27

What type of bullying do boys use more?

Answer 27

physical

Question 28

What type of bullying do girls use more?

Answer 28

indirect / relational

Question 29

Do boys and girls report being bullied equally?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

What are some features of bullies?

Answer 30

insecure attachment
parental maltreatment
motivated by gaining rewards
low on affective empathy

Question 31

What are some features of victims?

Answer 31

lack of social skills
lonely
timid and shy

Question 32

When do behavioural problems commonly start?

Answer 32

before age 5, persist into adulthood

Question 33

What are the effects of antenatal (before birth) stress and offering development?

Answer 33

psychopathology e.g ADHD
poor attention regulation
delayed motor, language and cognitive development