Social Development

Question 1

What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

Answer 1

0 - 18 months Basic trust vs mistrust
1 to 2 years -Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3 to 6 years -Initiative vs guilt
7 to 11 years -Industry vs inferiority
12 to 20 - Identity vs Identity confusion
20 to 40 - Intimacy vs isolation
40 to 60 - Generativity vs Stagnation
60 onwards -Integrity vs despair

Question 2

What is attachment?

Answer 2

Attachment refers to an enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver that has implications for both concurrent and future psychological and social adjustment

Question 3

What are the types of attachment?

Answer 3

secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment, and disorganized attachment.

Question 4

What is secure attachment?

Answer 4

A toddler who is securely attached to its parent (or other familiar caregiver) will explore freely while the caregiver is present, typically engages with strangers, is often visibly upset when the caregiver departs, and is generally happy to see the caregiver return.
Consistently responsive

Question 5

What is anxious-ambivalent attachement?

Answer 5

A child with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style will typically explore little (in the Strange Situation) and is often wary of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. When the caregiver departs, the child is often highly distressed. The child is generally ambivalent when they return.
Inconsistently responsive

Question 6

What is anxious-avoident

Answer 6

A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there.
Consisteltny unresponsive

Question 7

What is Disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Answer 7

the behaviour of the infant does not appear to the observer to be coordinated in a smooth way across episodes to achieve either proximity or some relative proximity with the caregiver, then it is considered ‘disorganised’ as it indicates a disruption or flooding of the attachment system.
No form of parenting or abusive.

Question 8

What are the four parenting styles?

Answer 8

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved

Question 9

Describe the four parenting styles

Answer 9

Authoritative: Enforce standards, but encourage communication and high on affection and acceptance

Authoritarian: Place a high value on obedience and respect for authority but low on affection and acceptance

Permissive: Low levels of control and responsibility demands but high on affection and acceptance

Uninvolved: Low monitoring, control and affection (neglectful)

Question 10

What are the consequences of the parenting styles?

Answer 10

Authoritative parenting: self reliance, self regulation, self esteem, “maturity”, academic achievement, social skills, psychological adjustment

Authoritarian parenting: poor sense of self worth, low levels of autonomy, poor sociability, heightened use of aggression, hostile world view

Permissive parenting: impulsiveness and risk taking, disobedience, poor social adjustment, dependence on others

Uninvolved parenting: poor psychological adjustment, poor sociability, disorganised and disoriented behaviour

Question 11

What is socialisation?

Answer 11

The process by which children learn the beliefs, values, skills and behavior patterns of their society. Typically taught by parents.