Cultural Psychology Flashcards
What is Indigenous Psychology?
Understanding across a long history of exploring wellbeing and meaning in human existence.
Developed from within and influenced by local cultural context to result in locally relevant psychological knowledge
What are the key aims of Indigenous Psychology?
Provide leadership
Ensure access to equitable and quality care
Responsive and grounded in Holistic indigenous perspectives
Increased Indigenous psychology programs
Quality control of training programs related to psychology for Indigenous Australians
Research to improve social and emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians.
What are the factors of Indigenous social and Emotional wellbeing.
Connection to spirit/ancestors Connection to body Connection to mind and emotions Connection to family and kinship Connection to community Connection to culture Connection to country
What are the 9 guiding principles to Indigenous Psychology?
Health as holistic The right to self-determination The need for cultural understanding The impact of history in trauma and loss Recognition of human rights The impact of racism and stigma Recognition of the centrality of kinship Recognition of cultural diversity Recognition of Aboriginal strengths
What are the historical issues in Indigenous health?
Dispossession Colonisation Massacres & atrocities Protection & segregation Assimilation policies (including the Stolen Generation & Institutionalisation) Northern Territory Intervention
What are the ongoing issues in Indigenous health?
Racism Stereotypes and myths Discrimination Poverty Disadvantage (health, housing, employment, education, justice & access) Deaths in custody Land rights Stolen wages
What are the stages of decolonisation?
Rediscovery and recovery Mourning Dreaming Commitment Action
What are some issues with cross-cultural and indigenous psychology?
Different belief systems of researchers/practitioners and the researched/clients
The incongruence between current white, western models of psychology and most of the world
Reluctance to talk about differences across systems and people (politeness, taboos, fears)
The imposition of scientific and intervention methods where they don’t fit (e.g., inappropriate scales, individualistic models)
What is culture?
Culture is the core, fundamental, dynamic, responsive, adaptive, and relatively coherent organizing system of life designed to ensure the survival and wellbeing of its members and is shared always to find meaning and purpose throughout life and to communicate caring
What are the Dimensions of Diversity?
Age Developmental disability Disability (acquired) Religion and spirituality Ethnicity and Culture Socioeconomic status Sexual Orientation Indigenous Heritage and Colonisation National Origin, Immigration, Refugee Status & Language Gender and Sex
What does W.E.I.R.D. stand for?
Western Educated Industrialised RIch Democratic
What is the problem arising from W.E.I.R.D.?
Attempts to apply concepts from narrow slices of diversity to large population groups and cultures.
What are Etic and Emic approaches to culture?
Etic: understanding driven by researcher/general theories
Do theories fit across different cultural groups?
Look for similarities and differences
Top-down
Emic: understanding driven by cultural members
attempt to understand a culture from the perspective of members of that culture – what cultural members find important and meaningful.
Ground up
What are etic approaches to culture?
- Power Distance: level of acceptance of inequality between people in a society
- Individualism (v. collectivism): degree to which a society reinforces individual achievement instead of collective achievement and interpersonal relationships
- “Masculinity” (quotes added): degree to which societies reinforce the traditional masculine work role model of achievement, control, and power
- Uncertainty Avoidance: level of avoidance of uncertainty and ambiguity within a society
- Long-term orientation: degree to which societies embraces, or does not embrace, long-term devotion to traditional values – expectations that change occurs slowly
What are the principles of Independent and Interdependent self?
Independent self Unique Autonomous Self-contained Individualistic Idiocentric
Interdependent self Connected Relational Holistic Collective Allocentric
What is analytic vs holistic cognition?
Analytic
Attention on focal objects.
Strict categories for objects
Rely on formal rules and logic
Holistic
Attention to the broader context
No strict categories for objects
Dialectical reasoning. Multiple perspectives and logical conclusions.
What are the four types of human movement between cultures?
Voluntary migration
Asylum
Refugee
Short-term migrants
What are the four phases of culture shock?
- Honeymoon: initial euphoria and excitement
- Disenchantment: disillusionment and even hostility towards new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs
- Beginning Resolution: recovery as confidence and understanding of the new culture grows
- Effective Functioning: adjustments as the individual learns how to fit into new cultural environment
What is Acculturation?
Degree of affiliation with culture of origin and new culture where they are living.
What are the four levels of acculturation and what do they represent?
Integration - High country of origin/ high country of residence
Assimilation - Low country of origin/High country of residence
Seperation - High country of origin/low country of residence
Marginalization - Low country of origin/low country of residence
What are Marcia’s Stages of identity development?
- Identity Diffusion: does not have a sense of choices, has not yet committed
- Identity Foreclosure: commits to some relevant roles, values or goals without experiencing an identity crisis
- Identity Moratorium: in crisis, currently exploring various commitments
- Identity Achievement: has gone through exploration and has made commitment
What are the types of Cross-Cultural Issues?
Xenophobia: fear or hatred of foreigners/the unfamiliar
Stereotyping: generalised views held about groups of people
Ethnocentrism: ways in which personal culture influences views of the rest of the world; ethnic group self-centeredness (I am normal, you are not)
Prejudice: having unreasonable and negative stereotypes about another group of people
• Racism as relates to a particular racial group
• All the other –isms
Discrimination: behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes
How can you reduce Prejudice?
The role of psychologists and professional bodies in promoting the mental health of all people
Individual commitments
Intergroup contact and the conditions for promoting positive relations
Macro/systems-level efforts
Institutional practices
