Social & Cultural Diversity

Question 1

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

a. cross-cultural counseling.
b. multicultural counseling.
c. intercultural counseling.
d. all of the above.

Answer 1

d. all of the above.

Question 2

Culture refers to

a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups.
b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group.
c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation.
d. all of the above.

Answer 2

d. all of the above.

Question 3

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

a. is culturally biased.
b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity.
c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.
d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.

Answer 3

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

Question 4

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.
c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory.
d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis.

Answer 4

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

Question 5

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a. a separate race.
b. a separate culture.
c. the concept of color blindness.
d. a separate national culture.

Answer 5

b. a separate culture.

Question 6

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

a. Freud.
b. Durkheim.
c. McDougall.
d. Berne.

Answer 6

b. Durkheim.

Eric Berne, the father of transactional analysis (choice “d”), is the only answer which makes sense here. Here’s why.

Sigmund Freud (choice “a”) is known for his influential 1921 book, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, which suggested that the group was held together by a bond between the leader and the group members that was seen as somewhat analogous to a hypnotist and his or her subject. This is a bit far-fetched according to some, but clearly indicative of Freud’s fascination with the power of hypnosis.

The Frenchman Emile Durkheim (choice “b”) is considered one of the founders of modern sociology. His principles were first outlined in his 1895 work, Rules of Sociological Method. He is also well-known for his research into suicide, which culminated in another literary work, Suicide, two years later. Durkheim is said to have taken group phenomena beyond the armchair-speculation stage into formal research.

William McDougall (choice “c”) is the father of “hormic psychology,” a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies.
Although this approach began to lose ground after the behaviorist movement picked up steam, McDougall is well-remembered for his 1908 landmark work, Introduction to Social Psychology.
He also believed in the concept of eugenics or the notion that genetics (e.g., selective breeding of those with high intelligence) would improve the gene pool and the human condition.
Unfortunately, this position has often been viewed in a negative light and has been dubbed as “scientific rascism.”

Question 7

________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

a. Maslow; Rogers
b. Ellis; Harper
c. Freud; Lorenz
d. Glasser; Rogers

Answer 7

c. Freud; Lorenz

Question 8

________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

a. Instinct theorists
b. Innate aggression theorists
c. Social learning theorists
d. Followers of Erik Erikson

Answer 8

c. Social learning theorists

Question 9

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.
c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.
d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.

Answer 9

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88–352) prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race,
religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns.

Question 10

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

a. is the father of multicultural counseling.
b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life.
c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five
years earlier.
d. b and c.

Answer 10

d. b and c.

Question 11

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.
b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.
c. culture, race, assertiveness.
d. ego strength, anxiety, race.

Answer 11

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Question 12

The term contextualism implies that

a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural
counseling.

Answer 12

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

Question 13

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.
b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.
c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.
d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Answer 13

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Question 14

________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.

a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)
b. The civil rights movement
c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious
d. The Tarasoff duty

Answer 14

b. The civil rights movement

Question 15

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

a. the prognosis.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the intervention.
d. attending behavior.

Answer 15

a. the prognosis.

Question 16

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

a. recommendations.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the prognosis.
d. the notion of transference.

Answer 16

a. recommendations.

Question 17

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

a. passivity is the norm for most individuals.
b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative.
c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior.
d. people conform to social roles.

Answer 17

d. people conform to social roles.

Question 18

A wealth of research demonstrates that

a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors.
b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors.
c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.
d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.

Answer 18

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

Question 19

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

a. Albert Ellis.
b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept.
c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Answer 19

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

The Dollard/Miller hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression.

Question 20

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory.

a. Dollard and Miller’s
b. Crites and Roe’s
c. Festinger’s
d. Holland and Super’s

Answer 20

c. Festinger’s

The concept of balance theory suggests that people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems.
Simply put, individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs. A state of incompatibility is known as “dissonance,” which literally means discord.
Leon Festinger, in 1957, suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance.
A statement like, “I’d rather smoke three packs of cigarettes a day and enjoy myself than quit and live an extra year or two,” would be an example of cognitive dissonance in action.
The person in this example has “changed the balance” by making his or her thinking consistent. People don’t like inconsistency in their thoughts or attitudes versus behavior.

Question 21

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another.
b. culture excludes customs.
c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.
d. culture is never socially learned.

Answer 21

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

Question 22

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

a. describes how people are supposed to act.
b. has little to do with expectations.
c. is irrelevant when counseling a client.
d. all of the above.

Answer 22

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

Question 23

Mores are beliefs and social customs

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling.
c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.
d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.

Answer 23

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

Question 24

________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy,
b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology,
c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy (RBT),
d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance,

Answer 24

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance,

Question 25

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

a. universal culture.
b. national culture.
c. ecological culture.
d. b and c.

Answer 25

d. b and c.

Question 26

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

a. ecological culture.
b. mores.
c. regional and national culture.
d. universal culture.

Answer 26

d. universal culture.

Question 27

Early vocalization in infants

a. is more complex in African American babies.
b. is more complex in white babies.
c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.
d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance.

Answer 27

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Question 28

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

a. socioeconomic trends.
b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.
c. disadvantaged youth.
d. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans.

Answer 28

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Question 29

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who
needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home

a. should conduct the interview from the porch.
b. should double-bind the client.
c. should ask to come in the home.
d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.

Answer 29

c. should ask to come in the home.

Question 30

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

a. national culture.
b. human culture.
c. regional culture.
d. ecological culture.

Answer 30

a. national culture.

Question 31

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

a. is defined as a set of mores.
b. has a distinct lack of norms.
c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
d. none of the above.

Answer 31

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

Question 32

Ethnocentrism

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.
b. means race.
c. is a genetic term.
d. all of the above.

Answer 32

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

Question 33

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

a. You can’t trust anyone over the age of 40.
b. Americans are generous.
c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish.
d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

Answer 33

d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

Question 34

Ethnocentrism

a. is not universal.
b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty.
c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.
d. b and c.

Answer 34

d. b and c.

Question 35

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

a. has good social skills.
b. values race over ethnicity.
c. dresses in the latest styles.
d. never possesses a modal personality.

Answer 35

a. has good social skills.

Question 36

Social exchange theory postulates that

a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive.
b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.
c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other.
d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

Answer 36

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

Question 37

Balance theory postulates

a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.
b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.
c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
d. b and c.

Answer 37

d. b and c.

Question 38

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

a. are nonassertive.
b. are aggressive.
c. have other positive traits.
d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.

Answer 38

c. have other positive traits.

Question 39

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty.
b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services.
c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment.
d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Answer 39

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Question 40

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis

a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues.
b. must be done within a cultural context.
c. a and b.
d. none of the above.

Answer 40

b. must be done within a cultural context.

Question 41

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.

a. less
b. more
c. the same
d. more realistic

Answer 41

a. less

Question 42

In terms of diagnosis,

a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.
b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.
c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.
d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.

Answer 42

a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

Question 43

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.

a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.
b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical
Social Workers (LCSWs).
c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists.
d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Answer 43

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Question 44

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach–approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

a. She will feel intense guilt.
b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold
model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.
c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice.
d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them.

Answer 44

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold
model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.

Question 45

A woman who is being robbed

a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders.
b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the
number of bystanders increases.
c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her.
d. none of the above.

Answer 45

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the
number of bystanders increases.

Question 46

A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.” This

a. is displacement.
b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.
d. is projection.

Answer 46

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

Question 47

The statement “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low”

a. is displacement.
b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.
c. is projection.
d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

Answer 47

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Question 48

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model.
b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase.
c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.
d. a and c.

Answer 48

d. a and c.

Question 49

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

a. will give them “a good talking to.”
b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice.
c. helps them work it out on their own.
d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.

Answer 49

c. helps them work it out on their own.

Question 50

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner.
b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice.
c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.
d. all of the above.

Answer 50

d. all of the above.

Question 51

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

a. attraction.
b. cognition and attitude formation.
c. cognitions and emotion.
d. none of the above.

Answer 51

b. cognition and attitude formation.

Question 52

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

a. less-aggressive children.
b. more-aggressive children.
c. passive-aggressive children.
d. passive-dependent children.

Answer 52

a. less-aggressive children.

Question 53

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling.
b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling.
c. a and b.
d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and
races.

Answer 53

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and
races.

Question 54

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

a. nothing—it is not a valid term.
b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident.
c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and
becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.

Answer 54

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and
becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

Question 55

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance.
b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.
c. paradoxing the client.
d. analyzing flight-to-health defense mechanism variables.

Answer 55

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

Question 56

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

a. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.
b. lower-income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class.
c. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a
higher social class.
d. all of the above.

Answer 56

d. all of the above.

Question 57

A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.

a. white female
b. African American female
c. African American male
d. upper-class white male

Answer 57

c. African American male

Question 58

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
b. standardization.
c. similar to his or her own.
d. paraphrasing.

Answer 58

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Question 59

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

a. is interpreted as positive transference.
b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
c. is interpreted as white privilege.
d. none of the above.

Answer 59

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Question 60

Counselors who have good listening skills

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.
b. hinder therapeutic surrender.
c. often have a monolithic perspective.
d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

Answer 60

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Question 61

Counselors can more easily advise

a. clients from their own culture.
b. clients from a different culture.
c. clients of a different race.
d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

Answer 61

a. clients from their own culture.

Question 62

It’s easiest to empathize with

a. a client who is similar to you.
b. a client who is dissimilar to you.
c. Latino/a clients.
d. Asian American male clients.

Answer 62

a. a client who is similar to you.

Question 63

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most
effective

a. when structured exercises are utilized.
b. when a counselor takes an active–directive stance.
c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized.
d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Answer 63

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Question 64

A client from another culture will

a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer.
b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his
or her own background.
c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor.
d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.

Answer 64

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his
or her own background.

Question 65

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was “bad,” though she literally means it was good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a

a. client of color error.
b. cognitive dissonance error.
c. connotative error.
d. confounding variable.

Answer 65

c. connotative error.

Connotation applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition.

Question 66

A monolingual U.S. counselor

a. speaks only English.
b. speaks English and Spanish.
c. works as a counseling interpreter. d. fits the definition of bilingual.

Answer 66

a. speaks only English.

Question 67

________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

a. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp
b. Perl’s use of the German concept of gestalt
c. Freud’s visits to the United States
d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public
school segregation

Answer 67

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public
school segregation

Question 68

Multicultural counseling promotes

a. eclecticism.
b. rigidity.
c. psychodynamic models.
d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP).

Answer 68

a. eclecticism.

Question 69

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic

a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation.
b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture.
c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT).
d. is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular
language.

Answer 69

d. is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular
language.

Emic can be defined as an insider’s perception of the culture.
A researcher or counselor using an emic frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the culture thinks.

The emic viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences, while the etic view adheres to the theory that humans are humans—regardless of background and culture—thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps.

Hence, a counselor who values the “emic” view will try to help clients by understanding the client’s specific culture, while the “etic” counselor emphasizes the sameness among clients—a universalism perspective—that literally transcends cultural boundaries.
Universal helping principles transcend culture.

The “etic” counselor would not alter his or her technique when working with a client from a different culture or a minority group.

Question 70

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else” is espousing the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any
language.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 70

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any
language.

Question 71

The statement “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different” is based on the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 71

c. etic viewpoint.

Question 72

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

a. emic viewpoint.
b. alloplastic viewpoint.
c. etic viewpoint.
d. autoplastic viewpoint.

Answer 72

a. emic viewpoint.

Question 73

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment.

a. emic
b. alloplastic
c. etic
d. autoplastic

Answer 73

b. alloplastic

The “autoplastic” view asserts that change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors, while the “alloplastic” conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment (as alluded to in this question).

Question 74

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested

a. an alloplastic method of coping.
b. an autoplastic method of coping.
c. the emic–etic distinction.
d. the emic viewpoint.

Answer 74

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

In the “autoplastic” approach the counselor helps the client change him- or herself (as in this question).

Question 75

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

a. she is displaying malingering.
b. she was severely abused as a young child.
c. she is suicidal.
d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

Answer 75

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

Question 76

Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

a. anger.
b. hate.
c. uncertainty.
d. admiration.

Answer 76

c. uncertainty.

Question 77

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.
b. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores.
c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective.
d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands.

Answer 77

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

Question 78

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

a. too Rogerian.
b. attacking the system.
c. too Freudian.
d. too cognitive.

Answer 78

b. attacking the system.

Question 79

Good multicultural counselors are

a. flexible.
b. rigid.
c. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s gestalt therapy, and/or William
Glasser’s reality therapy in nearly every case.
d. generally behavioristic.

Answer 79

a. flexible.

Question 80

A client remarks, “Hey, I’m African American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative
of the fact that

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.
b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical.
c. a connotative impediment exists.
d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

Answer 80

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

Question 81

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training

a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program.
b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student.
c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.
d. need not include rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

Answer 81

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Question 82

Doing cross-cultural counseling

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.
b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics.
c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session.
d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

Answer 82

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Question 83

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

a. perform better if he or she is alone.
b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.
c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy.
d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

Answer 83

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Question 84

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

a. sleep learning facilitates social skills.
b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.
c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message.
d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

Answer 84

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Question 85

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America.

a. Moreno and Yalom
b. Holland and Roe
c. Barber and Salter
d. McDougall and Ross

Answer 85

d. McDougall and Ross

William McDougall wrote Introduction to Social Psychology, which expounded on his “hormic psychology” position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.
Edward Alsworth Ross authored Social Psychology. Other famous names noted in the alternatives include

Jacob Moreno, who pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy;

Irvin Yalom, an existentialist, well known for his strides in group work, existential therapy, and death and dying;

John Holland, who stressed that a person’s occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type;

Anne Roe, who postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs;

T. X. Barber, who espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism;

Andrew Salter, a pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

Question 86

________ is associated with obedience and authority.

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,
b. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy,
c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer,
d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement,

Answer 86

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

Question 87

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

a. a peer.
b. an equal.
c. an individual from another culture.
d. an authority figure.

Answer 87

d. an authority figure.

Question 88

The tendency to affiliate with others

a. is highest in the middle child.
b. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses.
c. is highest in firstborns and only children.
d. is based on hormonal output.

Answer 88

c. is highest in firstborns and only children.

Question 89

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

a. approach–avoidance conflict.
b. approach–approach conflict.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. avoidance vector.

Answer 89

b. approach–approach conflict.

Question 90

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

a. approach–approach conflict.
b. approach vector.
c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
d. avoidance cohesiveness.

Answer 90

c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.

Question 91

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to “a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent.” This creates an

a. approach–avoidance conflict.
b. avoidance–avoidance conflict.
c. avoidance of life space.
d. approach affiliation.

Answer 91

a. approach–avoidance conflict.

Question 92

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

a. the client likes the counselor.
b. the client dislikes the counselor.
c. the client distrusts the counselor.
d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

Answer 92

a. the client likes the counselor.

Question 93

An adept multicultural counselor

a. generally believes in the melting pot concept.
b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview.
c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development.
d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Answer 93

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 94

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys’ summer camp near Robbers’ Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

a. most people cooperate in a social setting.
b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives.
c. a and b.
d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can
bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Answer 94

d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can
bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Question 95

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that

a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client.
b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male
client’s.
c. female clients are treated the same as male clients.
d. choices a and b.

Answer 95

d. choices a and b.

Question 96

The statement “whites are better than African Americans” illustrates

a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.
b. racism.
c. sexism.
d. codependency.

Answer 96

b. racism.

Question 97

In terms of research related to affiliation

a. misery loves miserable company.
b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later.
c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear.
d. all of the above.

Answer 97

d. all of the above.

Question 98

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

a. he totally disagreed with their assessment.
b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.
c. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity.
d. a and c.

Answer 98

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

Question 99

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.
b. 49-year-old, white homeless male.
c. 40-year-old, divorced white female who is out of work and has three children.
d. 19-year-old Latina mother on welfare with two children.

Answer 99

a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.

Question 100

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

a. severe negative transference.
b. positive transference.
c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.
d. ambivalent transference.

Answer 100

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.

In some Asian cultures children are often brought up to believe that it is a sign of respect to avoid eye contact with an authority figure. In addition, in some cultures it is considered proper to talk no more than is necessary, which of course is not congruent with the way most Americans think.
Moreover, some Asian Americans have been taught that it is shameful to brag or to express one’s own desires, ambitions, or strong feelings.
This background could well present a roadblock for a counselor operating under a paradigm that stresses abreaction.
Some Asian Americans have been brought up to believe that all problems are solved only within the privacy of family meetings. If mental illness does exist, it is considered a genetic flaw and a family secret. Hence, some Asian Americans may place a high premium on self-control, which is an issue that can be examined in counseling.

Derald Wing Sue and David Sue suggested that Asian Americans may respond best to brief therapy that is directive and structured with specific problem- solving goals.

Often our somewhat scientific approaches to counseling really reflect what mainstream American society views as real or scientific.

Some Latinos/as may value folk healing, which is very spiritual and can include elements such as going into a trancelike state and talking with God.
Approximately 65% of the Latinos/as in the United States are of Mexican heritage according to the 2014 U.S. Census Bureau.