Career Development

Question 1

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

a. only since the late 1950s.
b. only since the late 1960s.
c. only since nondirective counseling became popular.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

Answer 1

d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

Question 2

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

a. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
b. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
d. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?”

Answer 2

c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”

Question 3

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance.
d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior-high school- or middle school-level
students did not.

Answer 3

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

Question 4

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working.
d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.

Answer 4

b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

Question 5

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman

a. generally has children before entering the workforce.
b. rarely if ever has children.
c. is not self-reliant.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Answer 5

d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Question 6

Studies indicate that

a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.

Answer 6

c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Question 7

Statistics reveal that

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
b. fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before.
c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs.
d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have fewer skills.

Answer 7

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

Question 8

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

a. the client is having fun at work or away from work.
b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work.
c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations

Answer 8

d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

Question 9

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples,

a. dual-career families/couples have more leisure time.
b. dual-career families/couples have the same amount of leisure time as families/couples with one
wage earner.
c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.
d. dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure time.

Answer 9

c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.

Question 10

A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman”
showing an example of

a. gender bias.
b. counselor bias.
c. the trait-and-factor theory.
d. developmental theory and career choice.

Answer 10

a. gender bias.

Question 11

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes
the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes.
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.

Answer 11

b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes
the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

Question 12

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

a. Parsons and Williamson.
b. Roe and Brill.
c. Holland and Super.
d. Tiedeman and O’Hara.

Answer 12

a. Parsons and Williamson.

Question 13

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

a. job selection is a long-term development process.
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process.
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.
d. b and c.

Answer 13

d. b and c.

Question 14

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

a. The approach attempts to match the person’s traits with the requirements of a job.
b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.

Answer 14

c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

Question 15

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
d. based on the work of Pavlov.

Answer 15

c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

Question 16

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

a. unconscious and preconscious.
b. fields and levels.
c. yin and yang.
d. transactional analysis nomenclature.

Answer 16

b. fields and levels.

Question 17

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except:

a. Service.
b. Science.
c. Arts and entertainment.
d. Unskilled.

Answer 17

d. Unskilled.

Question 18

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except:

a. Outdoor.
b. Semiskilled.
c. Semiprofessional/small business.
d. Professional and managerial.

Answer 18

a. Outdoor.

Question 19

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

a. experiences neurosis or psychosis.
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.

Answer 19

c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

Question 20

Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs.
c. all needs are given equal consideration.
d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.

Answer 20

a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.

Question 21

Some support for Roe’s theory comes from

a. the BDI.
b. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV).
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
d. the gestalt therapy movement.

Answer 21

c. the Rorschach and the TAT (The Thematic Apperception Test)

Question 22

In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that

a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career
choice.
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not.
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

Answer 22

b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career
choice.

Question 23

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision.
b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice.
c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice.
d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

Answer 23

d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

Question 24

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

a. Krumboltz.
b. Schein.
c. Super.
d. Bordin.

Answer 24

d. Bordin.

Question 25

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment.
c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness.
d. are the result of irrational cognitions.

Answer 25

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

Question 26

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ________ as an ego defense mechanism.

a. subliminal
b. sublimation
c. repression
d. rationalization

Answer 26

b. sublimation

Question 27

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ________ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.

a. subliminal
b. sublimation
c. suppression
d. introjection

Answer 27

b. sublimation

Question 28

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of

a. Anne Roe.
b. Donald Super.
c. John Holland.
d. Jane Loevinger.

Answer 28

c. John Holland.

Question 29

Holland categorized ________ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

a. two
b. five
c. three
d. six

Answer 29

d. six

Question 30

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ________ theorists.

a. behavior modification
b. ego psychologists
c. experiential
d. personality

Answer 30

d. personality

Question 31

Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant.
c. four major personality categories exist.
d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.

Answer 31

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

Question 32

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising.
d. realistic.

Answer 32

b. social.

Question 33

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland’s ________ typology.

a. artistic
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic

Answer 33

d. realistic

Question 34

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area—who were the first to forsake the matching models—were

a. Super and Roe.
b. Hoppock and Holland.
c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
d. Brill and Bordin.

Answer 34

c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

Question 35

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood.
b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span.
c. career choice is reversible.
d. all of the above.

Answer 35

d. all of the above.

Question 36

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises
between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development:

a. informal, formal, and concrete.
b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11–17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).
c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete.
d. oral, anal, and phallic.

Answer 36

b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11–17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).

Question 37

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

a. id impulses.
b. the Critical Parent.
c. the self-concept.
d. ego strength.

Answer 37

c. the self-concept.

Question 38

Super’s life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages.

a. five
b. four
c. three
d. nine

Answer 38

a. five

The stages are: first, Growth (birth to age 14); second, Exploration (ages 15–24); third, Establishment (ages 24–44); fourth, Maintenance (ages 44–64); and fifth, Decline (age 65+). Suggested memory device: GEE MD.

Question 39

Super’s life-span theory includes

a. the life-career rainbow.
b. the life-career stars.
c. the life-career moon.
d. the life-career psychosis.

Answer 39

a. the life-career rainbow.

Question 40

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

a. John Crites.
b. Anne Roe.
c. John Holland.
d. Nancy Schlossberg.

Answer 40

a. John Crites.

Question 41

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

a. John O. Crites.
b. John Holland.
c. David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.
d. Donald Super.

Answer 41

c. David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.

Tiedman and O’Hara suggested that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process.
In the anticipation stage the individual imagines himself or herself in a given career. In the implementation phase (also sometimes called accommodation or induction) the person engages in reality testing regarding his or her expectations concerning the occupation.
All decision-making theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from the various career options

Question 42

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

a. Joseph Wolpe.
b. Albert Bandura.
c. Donald Super.
d. Karen Homey.

Answer 42

b. Albert Bandura.

Bandura emphasized the role of modeling in the acquisition of new behaviors. The theory states that people learn not only from the consequences of their own behavior but also from observing the consequences of others. Learning which takes place by watching others is sometimes called “vicarious learning.”

Krumboltz felt that interests are the result of “learning,” such that changes in interests can be “learned.” Thus, actual exposure to a wide range of work settings (i.e., site visits) is highly desirable. Occupational indecisiveness is seen as an indication of an information deficit rather than a lack of career maturity.

Two popular behavioral techniques (though they are not necessarily just related to the work of Krumboltz) include the RJP (realistic job preview) and guided imagery.

Question 43

The model Krumboltz suggested is

a. a human capital theory.
b. an accident theory of career development.
c. a status attainment theory.
d. a behavioristic model of career development.

Answer 43

d. a behavioristic model of career development.

The human capital theory purports that individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income. This theory, however, doesn’t seem valid when applied to folks of lower economic status.

The accident theory simply suggests that chance factors influence one’s career. For example, a student liked his history teacher so he decided to become a history teacher himself.

The so- called status attainment theory posits that the child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status. This notion will not hold water with a child who has exceptionally low or high career aspirations (e.g., a lower-class child who insists she will become a physician)

Question 44

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations.
b. give the client a standardized career test.
c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.
d. a and b.

Answer 44

c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.

Question 45

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision.” The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:

a. predictive, value, and decision.
b. internal, external, and in-between.
c. predictive, external, and internal.
d. internal and external.

Answer 45

a. predictive, value, and decision.

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system is concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities.
The person’s value system is concerned with one’s relative preferences regarding the outcomes, while the decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

Question 46

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with

a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences.
b. personal rules.
c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
d. the Self-Directed Search.

Answer 46

c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Question 47

Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focuses on

a. fields and levels.
b. circumscription and compromise theory.
c. the career rainbow.
d. on the concept of career maturity, mainly.

Answer 47

b. circumscription and compromise theory.

According to Gottfredson people do restrict choices (circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job (and indeed she feels they do) they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sex-typed behavior or prestige.

Question 48

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is

a. to see a state employment counselor for job leads.
b. to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads.
c. surfing the Web to find job leads.
d. securing information via ads in the newspaper.

Answer 48

d. securing information via ads in the newspaper.

Question 49

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the

a. Occupational Options Handbook.
b. Occupational Outlook Handbook.
c. Career Options Occupational Titles.
d. Optional Occupations Handbook.

Answer 49

b. Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Question 50

At its zenith the DOT listed

a. approximately 10,000 job titles.
b. nearly 5,000 job titles.
c. approximately 20,000 job titles.
d. nearly 100,000 job titles.

Answer 50

c. approximately 20,000 job titles.

Question 51

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ________ digit code.

a. nine
b. eight
c. six
d. five

Answer 51

a. nine

Question 52

The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

a. an occupational group.
b. career options.
c. OOH data.
d. the transfer of skills.

Answer 52

a. an occupational group.

The first digit in the DOT designated one of nine occupational categories: 0/1 professional, technical, and managerial careers; 2 clerical and sales careers; 3 service careers; 4 agricultural, fishery, forestry, and related Careers; 5 processing careers; 6 machine trade careers; 7 bench work careers; 8 structural work careers; and 9 miscellaneous.

Thus, in the code for counselor (045.107-010) the first digit (0) is from the professional, technical, and managerial occupations category.
The second digit (4) refers to occupations in life sciences; while the third digit defines the occupational group. In this case, 045 is “occupations in psychology.”

Question 53

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

a. Richard N. Bolles’s What Color Is Your Parachute?
b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
c. any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature.
d. Choices and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as SIGI.

Answer 53

b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

Question 54

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

a. State Department of Economic Regulation or the Department of Insurance, Financial Institutions, and Professional Regulations.
b. SOC.
c. SIC.
d. OOH.

Answer 54

d. OOH.

Question 55

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ________ positions while women often have ________ .

a. nursing; physician’s positions
b. pink-collar; executive positions
c. CEO; positions as financial advisors
d. labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

Answer 55

d. labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

Question 56

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

a. Anne Roe.
b. John Holland.
c. H. B. Gelatt.
d. Albert Bandura.

Answer 56

d. Albert Bandura.

Question 57

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

a. APA.
b. AACD.
c. APGA.
d. NASW.

Answer 57

c. APGA.

You see, AACD was actually the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) until 1983, making choice “c” an even better response—say an A+. In 1983 APGA changed its name to AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development), which was changed in 1992 to ACA (American Counseling Association).

Question 58

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland’s theory. The test assumes that a person
who is interested in a given subject will experience

a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests.
b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.
c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests.
d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less.

Answer 58

b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.

Question 59

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is

a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types.
b. self-administered.
c. self-scored and self-interpreted.
d. all of the above.

Answer 59

d. all of the above.

Question 60

The career anchor theory was espoused by

a. Roe.
b. Tiedman and Ohara.
c. Schein.
d. Super and Savickas.

Answer 60

c. Schein.

Question 61

The in-basket technique would be best

a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.
b. when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices and careers.
c. when you are counseling a senior in high school who is unsure whether to go to college.
d. when you are counseling a senior in college who is contemplating graduate school.

Answer 61

a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.

The in-basket technique is a job simulation in which the job candidate is given a basket (or package of materials) including memos, e-mails, phone messages, requests for presentations, data reports, and, yes, even complaints, that a manager would typically encounter after being off work for a period of time.

Question 62

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

a. is very behavioristic.
b. is indicative of a client-centered approach.
c. is psychodynamic.
d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.

Answer 62

a. is very behavioristic.

The job-finding club is an example of a behavioristic group strategy in that the clients share job leads and work on actual skills (e.g., interviewing) which are necessary in order to secure work. Job clubs are highly recommended for the disabled.

Question 63

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

a. Albert Ellis.
b. John O. Crites.
c. John Krumboltz.
d. Robert Hoppock.

Answer 63

d. Robert Hoppock.

Crites (choice “b”) is well-known for his Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) that measures attitudes and competencies related to the career choice process.

Hoppock, the correct theorist here, feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs. Lastly, as your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.