Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are
a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.
d. psychosocial.
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H. Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory.
a. Erik Erikson.
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
c. Jay Haley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan
b. Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
a. symbolic schema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.
b. conservation.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.
a. volume or mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
c. preoperations—ages 2–7 years.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
b. concrete operations—ages 7–11 years.
________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
a. Erik Erikson
b. Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstract thought.
a. egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
c. three levels of morality.
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The Heinz dilemma is one method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.
b. Erikson.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
b. Erikson.
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences. In this stage reward and punishment (i.e., selfish motives) greatly influence the behavior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of postconventional or self-accepted morality.
Trust versus mistrust is
a. an Adlerian notion of morality.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.
d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.
b. Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,
a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. identity crisis of the later years.
d. integrity versus despair.
d. integrity versus despair.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. consequences.
c. periodic fugue states.
d. counterconditioning.
b. consequences.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.
c. a desire to conform.
d. bandc.
d. b and c.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a. refers to the naive hedonism stage.
b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.
c. a and b.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
b. was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
c. emphasized organ inferiority.
d. a, b, and c.
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor, and was pioneered by Vygotsky
Freud and Erikson
a. could be classified as behaviorists.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.
d. were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hypothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
In addition, the theory suggests that the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives.
The client’s childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with
a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist.
b. developmental stage theories.
c. bonding and attachment.
d. the unconscious mind.
c. bonding and attachment.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
a. Generativity versus stagnation.
b. Integrity versus despair.
c. a and b.
d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues.
a. Generativity versus stagnation.
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a. Harry Harlow.
b. John Bowlby.
c. Lawrence Kohlberg.
d. all of the above.
a. Harry Harlow.
The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is
a. false.
b. true due to genetics.
c. true only in middle-aged men.
d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.
d. true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages. b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35–60 years.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.
d. a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23–34 years.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
a. A 19-year-old male college student.
b. A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band.
c. A 57-year-old female stockbroker.
d. A 13-year-old male middle school student.
d. A 13-year-old male middle school student.
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
a. a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate
mother.
c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol. d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate
mother.
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
a. id, ego, and superego.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego.
d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
In adolescence
a. females commit suicide more than males.
b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.
c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
In the general U.S. population
a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000.
b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.
d. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.
The fear of death
a. is greatest during middle age.
b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon.
c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years.
d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
a. is greatest during middle age.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a. in the preconscious mind.
b. in the mind of the child in latency.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.
d. a and b.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general
a. girls grow up to smile more.
b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2.
c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
a. oral.
b. anal.
c. phallic.
d. latency.
d. latency.
In terms of parenting young children
a. boys are punished more than girls.
b. girls are punished more than boys.
c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion.
d. boys show more empathy toward others.
a. boys are punished more than girls.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
b. that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes.
c. a and b.
d. a theory proposed by B. F. Skinner’s colleagues.
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence development.
