Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ________ and ________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Alfred Adler was the father of individual psychology, and Carl Gustav Jung (correctly pronounced “Yung”) founded analytic psychology.
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, and phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
d. id, ego, and superego.
In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.
a. Adult, unconscious
b. Parent, ego
c. Parent, superego
d. Parent, id
c. Parent, superego
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
d. transference.
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
c. Thanatos.
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the
elimination of hunger or thirst.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the
elimination of hunger or thirst.
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
b. ego.
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. transactional analysis.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
d. free association.
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure
b. pleasure; perfection
c. morals; ethics
d. logic; reality
a. perfection; pleasure
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
d. Wolpe.
Joseph Wolpe developed a paradigm known as “systematic desensitization,” which is useful when trying to weaken (i.e., desensitize) a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli. Systematic desensitization is a form of behavior therapy. It is based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning.
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
a. manifest and latent content.
For Freud, the dream was the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.
According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning or so-called latent content
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
c. transference.
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Daniel Paul Schreber.
b. Little Albert.
Little Albert was a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism. In 1920, John Watson and his graduate student, who later became his wife, Rosalie Rayner conditioned a 9-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects.
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. ego ideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
b. the Oedipus complex.
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except:
a. Hypnosis.
b. Slips of the tongue and humor.
c. Dreams.
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe’s systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety, and avoidance responses to innocuous situations
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
a. preconscious mind.
The conscious mind is aware of the immediate environment. The preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty (e.g., in this question the memory of what transpired several months ago to trigger the client’s depression).
Thus, the preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.
The unconscious, on the other hand, is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation
c. denial.
d. sublimation
a. repression.
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
c. sublimation.
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
d. none of the above.
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identification.
d. a Type II error.
a. displacement.
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior
is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
a. denial.
________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
a. Repression
b. Sour grapes rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial
c. Projection
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
a. reaction formation.
In reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
b. compensation.
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
d. identification.
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
a. introjection.
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
a. resistance.
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
Individual psychology is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it. It is interesting to note that Alfred Adler was a very sickly child.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
d. insight.
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. Logos; Eros
c. reality; pleasure
d. transference; countertransference
b. Logos; Eros
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
a. mandalas.
Jung, the father of analytic psychology, borrowed the term mandala from Hindu writings in which the mandala was the symbol of meditation. In Jung’s writings the mandala also can stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Eidetic imagery—which usually is gone by the time a child reaches adolescence—is the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time
________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung
b. Adler
Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology, initially felt that aggressive drives were responsible for most human behaviors. He then altered the theory slightly and said that the major factor was the “will to power.” Finally, he concluded that it was the “striving for superiority” or a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent–child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
b. social factors.
Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
Introversion meant a turning in of the libido. Thus, an introverted individual is his or her own primary source of pleasure. Such a person will generally shy away from social situations if possible.
Extroversion, on the other hand, is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people. The extrovert seeks external rewards.
The introversion–extroversion distinction deals with inward or outward directiveness.
The personality types of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Afred Adler.
d. Carl G. Jung.
d. Carl G. Jung.
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) mentioned in choice “a” is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story.
The TAT was introduced in Henry Murray’s 1938 work Explorations in Personality. Murray called the study of the personality “personology.”
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
b. social connectedness.
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10–20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
Paradoxical techniques also are associated with the work of Viktor Frankl, who pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment. Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang
c. anima; animus
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
d. archetypes.
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, and self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
b. confrontation.
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept. According to the theory, if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind.
Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution.
ACT, is a type of therapy created by Steve Hayes in 1986 which does not (yes not) focus on symptom reduction. ACT wants clients to take … well … effective action in their lives. The goal is to perceive feelings and thoughts as harmless, albeit uncomfortable.
As soon as something is perceived as a symptom it seems pathological.
According to ACT most of us will experience psychological suffering as a result of our own mental processes.
Therapy is aimed at helping clients to stop struggling with their private experiences and to assist them in taking action toward the life they want. ACT suggests that struggling with negative feelings makes them worse.
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and
situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and
situation.
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Jean Piaget.
d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
c. countertransference.
In countertransference the counselor’s past is projected onto the client and the helper’s objectivity suffers markedly. A counselor who falls in love with a client or feels extreme anger toward a client is generally considered a victim of countertransference.
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
c. Adler.
Adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves. Adler stressed the importance of birth order in the family constellation (e.g., the firstborn/oldest child could be dethroned by a later child who gets most of the attention; thus the firstborn would be prone to experience feelings of inferiority).
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
You can well imagine why the current family therapy movement has roots in Adlerian theory.
Adlerians stress that clients long for a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection.
Adlerians—like REBT practitioners—are didactic and use homework assignments.
The Adlerian counselor often asks the client: What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
b. associationism
The first word in the question gives us a significant clue. That is to say, “existentialism” is a type of philosophy. Now existentialism (the philosophy) is compared to “logotherapy,” which is a brand of psychotherapy. The question then mentions behaviorism, which is a type of psychology and more loosely defined as a brand of treatment.
So, the question tells you that logotherapy grew out of the philosophy of existentialism and then asks you to fill in the blank with the philosophy which led to the formation of behaviorism.
Skinner and his concept of operants are behavioristic to be sure; however, neither of them is a philosophy.
The answer is associationism, which asserts that ideas are held together by associations.
Now here’s a super hint. Although associationism had its roots in an essay written by Aristotle on the nature of memory, most exams will list John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley as the pioneers.
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is
eclectic and holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
The “law of effect” simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
Just a quick quip in regard to choice “c”: Lazarus worked very closely with Joseph Wolpe—and thus his multimodal approach—although it is very holistic, meaning that the approach emphasizes the whole person—has a strong behavioral treatment slant.
When practicing multimodal therapy the counselor focuses on seven key modalities or areas of the client’s functioning:
B = behavior including acts, habits, and reactions; A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood; S = sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell, and taste; I = images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams; C = cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life; I = interpersonal relationships (i.e., the way we interact with others); and D = drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation.
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a
UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. a conditioned stimulus (CS).
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
d. an acquisition period.
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
a. instrumental learning.
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
a. reflexes.
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
All reinforcers—yep, both positive and negative—raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur. In a situation where we have positive reinforcement, something is added following an operant (behavior).
Now this is going to sound a little complicated, but here goes. It is possible to use positive reinforcers to reduce or eliminate an undesirable target behavior. Here’s how. Using a procedure known as “differential reinforcement of other behavior” (DRO), the counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior. The assumption is that as the alternative desirable behavior increases via reinforcement, the client will not display the inappropriate target behavior as frequently.
In the case of negative reinforcement, something is taken away after the behavior occurs.
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
Negative reinforcement is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief. If you ingest a pain pill and it relieves pain you are more apt to take it again when you are plagued with pain since it gave you relief.
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ________ and the meat was the ________.
a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR
a. CS; UCS
In the Pavlovian experiment, the US (which is sometimes written UCS) is the unconditioned (think unlearned) stimulus, or the meat. The CS is the conditioned or learned stimulus.
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not influence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or half a second.
d. is .5 or half a second.
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimental neurosis.
d. no conditioning.
d. no conditioning.
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulus discrimination.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see question 272) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination.
d. stimulus discrimination.
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
a. experimental neurosis set in.
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negative reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
c. Little Albert.
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
d. extinction.
Some research demonstrates that when using extinction the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated. This tendency technically is called a response burst or an extinction burst.
Fortunately, the “burst,” or increase in the frequency of behavior, is temporary. In plain everyday English then, this counselor can expect the little girl’s behavior—in this case sticking out her tongue—to get worse before it gets better.
Ignoring a behavior is a common method of extinction as is the practice of time-out, where the client or student is isolated from reinforcement
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
d. a and c
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman
who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. by counterconditioning.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
