Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ________ and ________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
c. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May
A
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Alfred Adler was the father of individual psychology, and Carl Gustav Jung (correctly pronounced “Yung”) founded analytic psychology.
2
Q
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, and phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
A
d. id, ego, and superego.
3
Q
In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.
a. Adult, unconscious
b. Parent, ego
c. Parent, superego
d. Parent, id
A
c. Parent, superego
4
Q
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
d. transference.
A
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
5
Q
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
A
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
6
Q
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
A
c. Thanatos.
7
Q
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the
elimination of hunger or thirst.
A
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the
elimination of hunger or thirst.
8
Q
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID.
A
b. ego.
9
Q
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. transactional analysis.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association.
A
d. free association.
10
Q
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure
b. pleasure; perfection
c. morals; ethics
d. logic; reality
A
a. perfection; pleasure
11
Q
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
A
d. Wolpe.
Joseph Wolpe developed a paradigm known as “systematic desensitization,” which is useful when trying to weaken (i.e., desensitize) a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli. Systematic desensitization is a form of behavior therapy. It is based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning.
12
Q
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.
A
a. manifest and latent content.
For Freud, the dream was the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.
According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning or so-called latent content
13
Q
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance.
A
c. transference.
14
Q
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Daniel Paul Schreber.
A
b. Little Albert.
Little Albert was a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism. In 1920, John Watson and his graduate student, who later became his wife, Rosalie Rayner conditioned a 9-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects.
15
Q
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
A
d. all of the above.
16
Q
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.
A
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
17
Q
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. ego ideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
A
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious
18
Q
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams.
A
b. the Oedipus complex.
19
Q
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except:
a. Hypnosis.
b. Slips of the tongue and humor.
c. Dreams.
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
A
d. Subjective units of distress scale.
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe’s systematic desensitization: a behavior therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions, anxiety, and avoidance responses to innocuous situations
20
Q
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
A
a. preconscious mind.
The conscious mind is aware of the immediate environment. The preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty (e.g., in this question the memory of what transpired several months ago to trigger the client’s depression).
Thus, the preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.
The unconscious, on the other hand, is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
21
Q
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material.
A
b. ego defense mechanisms.
22
Q
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation
c. denial.
d. sublimation
A
a. repression.
23
Q
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
A
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
24
Q
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
A
c. sublimation.
25
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.
d. none of the above.
26
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identification.
d. a Type II error.
a. displacement.
27
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
28
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
29
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior
is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority.
a. denial.
30
________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
a. Repression
b. Sour grapes rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial
c. Projection
31
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
a. reaction formation.
In reaction formation the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels.
32
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
b. compensation.
33
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification.
d. identification.
34
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
a. introjection.
35
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation.
a. resistance.
36
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
37
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
38
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
Individual psychology is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it. It is interesting to note that Alfred Adler was a very sickly child.
39
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight.
d. insight.
40
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ________ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. Logos; Eros
c. reality; pleasure
d. transference; countertransference
b. Logos; Eros
41
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
a. mandalas.
Jung, the father of analytic psychology, borrowed the term mandala from Hindu writings in which the mandala was the symbol of meditation. In Jung’s writings the mandala also can stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
Eidetic imagery—which usually is gone by the time a child reaches adolescence—is the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time
42
________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung
b. Adler
Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology, initially felt that aggressive drives were responsible for most human behaviors. He then altered the theory slightly and said that the major factor was the “will to power.” Finally, he concluded that it was the “striving for superiority” or a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior
43
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent–child interaction” describes
a. Sigmund Freud’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung’s theory.
b. Alfred Adler’s theory.
44
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
b. social factors.
Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.
45
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
Introversion meant a turning in of the libido. Thus, an introverted individual is his or her own primary source of pleasure. Such a person will generally shy away from social situations if possible.
Extroversion, on the other hand, is the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people. The extrovert seeks external rewards.
The introversion–extroversion distinction deals with inward or outward directiveness.
46
The personality types of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Afred Adler.
d. Carl G. Jung.
d. Carl G. Jung.
47
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) mentioned in choice “a” is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story.
The TAT was introduced in Henry Murray’s 1938 work Explorations in Personality. Murray called the study of the personality “personology.”
48
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
b. social connectedness.
49
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10–20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking.
a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
Paradoxical techniques also are associated with the work of Viktor Frankl, who pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment. Paradoxical strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
50
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang
c. anima; animus
51
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
d. archetypes.
52
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, and self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
53
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization.
b. confrontation.
54
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept. According to the theory, if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind.
Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution.
ACT, is a type of therapy created by Steve Hayes in 1986 which does not (yes not) focus on symptom reduction. ACT wants clients to take ... well ... effective action in their lives. The goal is to perceive feelings and thoughts as harmless, albeit uncomfortable.
As soon as something is perceived as a symptom it seems pathological.
According to ACT most of us will experience psychological suffering as a result of our own mental processes.
Therapy is aimed at helping clients to stop struggling with their private experiences and to assist them in taking action toward the life they want. ACT suggests that struggling with negative feelings makes them worse.
55
An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and
situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and
situation.
56
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Jean Piaget.
d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
57
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference.
c. countertransference.
In countertransference the counselor’s past is projected onto the client and the helper’s objectivity suffers markedly. A counselor who falls in love with a client or feels extreme anger toward a client is generally considered a victim of countertransference.
58
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus.
c. Adler.
Adlerians believe that our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves. Adler stressed the importance of birth order in the family constellation (e.g., the firstborn/oldest child could be dethroned by a later child who gets most of the attention; thus the firstborn would be prone to experience feelings of inferiority).
59
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
c. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract.
b. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
You can well imagine why the current family therapy movement has roots in Adlerian theory.
Adlerians stress that clients long for a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection.
Adlerians—like REBT practitioners—are didactic and use homework assignments.
The Adlerian counselor often asks the client: What would life be like if you were functioning in an ideal manner?
60
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates
b. associationism
The first word in the question gives us a significant clue. That is to say, “existentialism” is a type of philosophy. Now existentialism (the philosophy) is compared to “logotherapy,” which is a brand of psychotherapy. The question then mentions behaviorism, which is a type of psychology and more loosely defined as a brand of treatment.
So, the question tells you that logotherapy grew out of the philosophy of existentialism and then asks you to fill in the blank with the philosophy which led to the formation of behaviorism.
Skinner and his concept of operants are behavioristic to be sure; however, neither of them is a philosophy.
The answer is associationism, which asserts that ideas are held together by associations.
Now here’s a super hint. Although associationism had its roots in an essay written by Aristotle on the nature of memory, most exams will list John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, or David Hartley as the pioneers.
61
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
b. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is
eclectic and holistic.
d. symptom substitution.
a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect.
The “law of effect” simply asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
Just a quick quip in regard to choice “c”: Lazarus worked very closely with Joseph Wolpe—and thus his multimodal approach—although it is very holistic, meaning that the approach emphasizes the whole person—has a strong behavioral treatment slant.
When practicing multimodal therapy the counselor focuses on seven key modalities or areas of the client’s functioning:
```
B = behavior including acts, habits, and reactions;
A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood;
S = sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell, and taste;
I = images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams;
C = cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life;
I = interpersonal relationships (i.e., the way we interact with others); and
D = drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation.
```
62
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E. G. Williamson.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
63
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a
UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. a conditioned stimulus (CS).
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
d. an acquisition period.
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
64
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight.
a. instrumental learning.
65
Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment.
a. reflexes.
66
All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
All reinforcers—yep, both positive and negative—raise the probability that an antecedent (prior) behavior will occur. In a situation where we have positive reinforcement, something is added following an operant (behavior).
Now this is going to sound a little complicated, but here goes. It is possible to use positive reinforcers to reduce or eliminate an undesirable target behavior. Here’s how. Using a procedure known as “differential reinforcement of other behavior” (DRO), the counselor positively reinforces an individual for engaging in a healthy alternative behavior. The assumption is that as the alternative desirable behavior increases via reinforcement, the client will not display the inappropriate target behavior as frequently.
In the case of negative reinforcement, something is taken away after the behavior occurs.
67
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
Negative reinforcement is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment lowers it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief. If you ingest a pain pill and it relieves pain you are more apt to take it again when you are plagued with pain since it gave you relief.
68
Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
69
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ________ and the meat was the ________.
a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR
a. CS; UCS
In the Pavlovian experiment, the US (which is sometimes written UCS) is the unconditioned (think unlearned) stimulus, or the meat. The CS is the conditioned or learned stimulus.
70
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant—it does not influence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or half a second.
d. is .5 or half a second.
71
Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimental neurosis.
d. no conditioning.
d. no conditioning.
72
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulus discrimination.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
73
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see question 272) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination.
d. stimulus discrimination.
74
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment.
a. experimental neurosis set in.
75
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negative reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
76
John B. Watson’s name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c.
c. Little Albert.
77
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction.
d. extinction.
Some research demonstrates that when using extinction the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated. This tendency technically is called a response burst or an extinction burst.
Fortunately, the “burst,” or increase in the frequency of behavior, is temporary. In plain everyday English then, this counselor can expect the little girl’s behavior—in this case sticking out her tongue—to get worse before it gets better.
Ignoring a behavior is a common method of extinction as is the practice of time-out, where the client or student is isolated from reinforcement
78
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c
d. a and c
79
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman
who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. by counterconditioning.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
80
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
a. Edward Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
d. Ivan Pavlov.
c. Neal Miller.
In a study that perhaps challenged a 100-year-old psychological doctrine, Neal Miller and Ali Banuazizi showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions. Prior to this experiment it was thought that automatic or “autonomic” bodily processes (such as heart rate, intestinal contractions, or blood pressure) could not be controlled.
81
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was correct.
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct.
d. none of the above.
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
The key take-away message from Watson’s Little Albert experiment was that a fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather learning.
82
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
a. cure.
b. Skinner.
c. Piaget.
d. NLP.
a. cure.
John B. Watson demonstrated that a phobic reaction was “learned,” while Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that “learning” could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.
83
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
a. two DSM diagnoses which often co-occur: panic disorder and agoraphobia.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. an adjustment reaction.
d. stimulus discrimination.
b. stimulus generalization.
84
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
a. Pavlov’s dogs.
b. Mary Cover Jones.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
85
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
a. she is nondirective.
b. she is very directive.
c. a treatment model.
d. she is not a depth psychologist.
c. a treatment model.
86
A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is
a. using interpretation.
b. using summarization.
c. using concreteness.
d. using a depth psychology paradigm.
c. using concreteness.
Concreteness is also known as “specificity” in some of the literature. The counselor uses the principle of concreteness in an attempt to eliminate vague language
87
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
a. concreteness.
b. a directive.
c. interpretation.
d. parroting.
b. a directive.
88
_______ is a biofeedback device.
a. A bathroom scale
b. A DVD player
c. A digital clock
d. An analyst’s couch
a. A bathroom scale
Biofeedback does not change the client, it merely provides the client and helper with biological information such that the client can master self-regulation. A scale and a mirror are two simple examples.
89
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
a. punishment.
b. biofeedback.
c. a Pavlovian strategy.
d. positive reinforcement.
d. positive reinforcement.
90
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
a. identical to concreteness.
b. selective empathy.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
d. an archaic Freudian notion.
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself.
91
Empathy is
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
b. behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. the same as sympathy.
a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client.
92
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ________, and when something is taken away it is called a ________.
a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction; shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
Simple examples of negative reinforcement:
* A depressed client takes an antidepressant medication and the depression is eliminated. She is more apt to take the medicine again.
* A client has a headache and ingests a pain medication. The pain subsides. Here again, the client is more likely to take the medicine in the future.
* A child cleans her room and her mother’s nagging goes away. Mom’s nagging is the negative reinforcer.
93
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
a. extinction.
b. token reinforcement.
c. biofeedback.
d. higher-order conditioning.
d. higher-order conditioning.
94
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
a. a temperature trainer.
b. EMG feedback.
c. EEG neurofeedback.
d. EKG feedback.
a. a temperature trainer.
EMG means electromyogram and is used to measure muscle tension. A person who is tensing a given muscle group could have an EMG biofeedback device hooked directly to the problem area
The EEG or electroencephalogram biofeedback, again often dubbed as neurofeedback, is used to monitor brain waves. EEG training often focuses on the production of alpha waves, which is 8– 12 cycles per second.
EKG, or electrocardiogram, provides data on the heart.
95
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
a. the Jacobson relaxation method.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EMG feedback.
d. a simple yet effective mood ring.
c. EMG feedback.
96
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior.
b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower-probability behavior.
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective.
d. none of the above.
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior.
For test purposes know the acronyms LPB (low-probability behavior) and HPB (high-probability behavior). The principle asserts that any HPB can be used as a reinforcer for any LPB. The principle is sometimes called “Grandma’s Rule” or “Grandma’s Law.”
The chances are good that you experienced this one yourself at a young age. It went something like, “If you eat your veggies, then I let you have dessert.”
97
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
a. EMG feedback.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
EEG is used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms
98
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every
time a desired response occurs, it is known as
a. an intermittent schedule.
b. an extinction schedule.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. thinning.
c. continuous reinforcement.
99
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ________, based on the number of responses and the ________, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous
a. ratio; interval
100
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes.
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (e.g., one time per month,
although the amount of work may vary from month to month).
c. variable interval.
d. variable ratio.
d. variable ratio.
Variable schedules are more effective than fixed schedules. Ratio schedules are more effective than interval schedules.
(Most effective) VR, VI, FR, FI (Least effective)
101
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
a. standard units of dysfunction.
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction.
c. subjective units of disturbance scale.
d. standard units of distress scale.
c. subjective units of disturbance scale.
102
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
a. a primary reinforcer.
b. covert processing.
c. secondary reinforcement.
d. SUDS.
c. secondary reinforcement.
103
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
c. an average stimulus.
d. a conditioned reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
104
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. biofeedback.
c. back-up reinforcement.
d. aversive conditioning.
d. aversive conditioning.
105
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane.
c. imagining a flight in an airplane.
d. an actual flight in an airplane.
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
106
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
a. conscious rehearsal.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
c. fixed role therapy.
d. a and b.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
Fixed role therapy, refers to the treatment model created by psychologist George A. Kelly. In this approach the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role. He or she is instructed to read the script at least three times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. Kelly’s approach is quite systematic and has been called the “psychology of personal constructs” after his work of the same name
107
Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy.
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in
imagination.
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo
desensitization.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo
desensitization.
108
________ is behavioral sex therapy.
a. Classical vegotherapy
b. Orgone box therapy
c. Conditioned reflex therapy
d. Sensate focus
d. Sensate focus
109
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
110
One distinction between flooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. flooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous.
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
Implosive therapy (the brainchild of T. G. Stampfl) is always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism. Flooding, which is similar, usually occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus. Flooding is also called “deliberate exposure with response prevention.”
111
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because
a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique.
b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning.
c. extinction works more quickly.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression.
112
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that
a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
c. the counselor’s timing is poor in terms of interpretation.
d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
113
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, “Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?” This is an example of
a. EMDR.
b. accurate empathy.
c. confrontation.
d. sympathy.
d. sympathy.
114
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client’s statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as
a. desirable attending behavior.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
c. level 3 on the empathy scale.
d. paradoxical intention.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
115
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
a. healing through meaning.
b. healing through the unconscious.
c. logic cures.
d. all of the above.
a. healing through meaning.
116
All of these philosophers are existentialists except:
a. Plato and Epictetus.
b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss.
c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich.
d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers.
a. Plato and Epictetus.
The name Epictetus (in choice “a”) is often quoted in regard to rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), created by New York clinical psychologist Albert Ellis. Ellis is considered the founding father of the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) movement.
Epictetus said, “Men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them.” This statement captures the major premise of REBT. Important exam hint: REBT was formerly known as rational-emotive therapy (RET).
117
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
a. being too short-term.
b. overemphasizing techniques.
c. ignoring group strategies.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
118
Existentialists focus primarily on
a. the teenage years.
b. the client’s perception in the here and now.
c. childhood traumas.
d. uplifting childhood memories.
b. the client’s perception in the here and now.
119
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I–Thou relationship, which asserts that
a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers.
b. the relationship is vertical.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
d. empathy is not necessary.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
120
Frankl is an existentialist. So are
a. Ellis and Perls.
b. Perls and Stampfl.
c. Yalom and May.
d. Janov and Beck.
c. Yalom and May.
Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the United States. Irvin Yalom, another existentialist, is noted for his work in group therapy. In his book Love’s Executioner, he reveals his approach to treatment with some of his most intriguing clients.
Other names that appear in the answer choices to this question include:
Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy;
Albert Ellis, who pioneered rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT);
Arthur Janov, noted for his primal scream therapy; and
Aaron T. Beck, whose cognitive therapy (CT) or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) resembles REBT and focuses on automatic thoughts leading to depression.
Beck is praised for his cognitive triad of depression. It asserts that the depressed individual: (1) feels worthless and has a negative view of himself or herself; (2) has a negative view of the world as unfair; (3) feels the future as hopeless.
121
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ________ world, the Mitwelt or the ________ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ________ world.
a. unconscious; preconscious; conscious
b. id; ego; superego
c. self-identity; relationship; physical
d. physical; relationship; identity
d. physical; relationship; identity
122
Frankl’s experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
a. the value of stimulus-response (S-R) psychological paradigms.
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control your response.
c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic.
d. the value of active-directive counseling.
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control your response.
123
Existential counselors emphasize the client’s
a. free choice, decision, and will.
b transference.
c. slips of tongue.
d. latent dream symbolism.
a. free choice, decision, and will.
124
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
a. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer.
b. the impact of cancer on emotions.
c. a cancerous growth in the brain.
d. the philosophy of being and existing.
d. the philosophy of being and existing.
125
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to
a. rational therapy.
b. reality therapy.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. RBT.
b. reality therapy.
126
Reality therapy has incorporated
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
b. rational imagery.
c. TA principles.
d. rolfing.
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
Reality therapy exam questions often use the abbreviation BCP, which means that perception controls our behavior. Choice theory asserts than the only person whose behavior we can control is our own. According to choice theory, our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs
127
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor’s own words is using
a. contracting.
b. confrontation.
c. paraphrasing.
d. parroting.
c. paraphrasing.
128
Most experts would agree that ________ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.
a. paraphrasing by the counselor
b. open-ended questions
c. role rehearsal
d. silence
d. silence
129
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
a. failures.
b. irrational internal verbalizations.
c. transference issues.
d. successful behaviors.
d. successful behaviors.
130
Glasser’s position on mental illness is that
a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
c. it is best explained by ICD categories.
d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
131
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is
a. detached but very empathic.
b. like that of a warm caring mother.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
132
Glasser’s theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote
a. Choice Theory.
b. The Interpretation of Dreams.
c. Positive Addiction.
d. Schools Without Failure.
d. Schools Without Failure.
133
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action.
c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions.
d. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality.
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
134
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be
a. jogging.
b. gambling.
c. playing the office football pool.
d. playing professional football.
a. jogging.
135
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using
a. paraphrasing.
b. reflection.
c. summarization.
d. confrontation.
c. summarization.
136
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ________ identity.
a. failure
b. success
c. diffused
d. crisis-oriented
b. success
137
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to
a. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
b. transactional analysis (TA).
c. assertiveness training (AT).
d. gestalt therapy.
a. rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
138
In Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as
a. self-talk.
b. internal verbalizations.
c. impulses.
d. a and b.
d. a and b.
139
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
a. Buber.
b. Epictetus.
c. Locke.
d. Jaspers.
b. Epictetus.
140
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ________, B is the ________, and C is the ________.
a. affect; belief; control
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
c. affect; behavior; control
d. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
141
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, ________ leads to E, ________.
a. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior
b. direct living; evaluation
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
142
A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
a. bibliotherapy.
b. countertransference.
c. musturbation.
d. concreteness.
a. bibliotherapy.
143
Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis.
a. musturbations
b. masturbations
c. awfulizations
d. rational
a. musturbations
144
A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most terrible thing in the world.” This client is engaging in
a. rational self-talk.
b. self-induced empathy.
c. cognitive restructuring.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing.
145
Bibliotherapy is a form of
a. psychodynamic intervention.
b. homework.
c. displacement.
d. musturbation.
b. homework.
146
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts.
c. allowing the client to purge feelings.
d. uncovering relevant unconscious material.
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
147
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist’s new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
a. he does not believe in the scientific method.
b. the study would not take transference into account.
c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing.
d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional
discord) .
d. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional
discord) .
148
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ________ are to Glasser’s choice theory.
a. contracting
b. pictures in your mind
c. lack of punishment
d. a therapeutic plan
b. pictures in your mind
149
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
a. RBT.
b. AT.
c. TA.
d. S-R research.
a. RBT.
Maultsby is the father of rational-behavior therapy (RBT), which is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis.
Maultsby’s technique is said to work well for multicultural counseling and group therapy. In group work the counselor has a didactic or a teaching role in which participants are taught to apply the techniques to their own lives.
The leader encourages equal group participation for all members and gives reading assignments (i.e., bibliotherapy) between the sessions.
All in all, the leader is highly directive and uses RBT as a model for self-help. Like REBT, RBT utilizes rational-emotive imagery on a regular basis.
150
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process.
c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia.
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety.
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
Beck’s approach could show up as cognitive therapy (CT), or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on exam questions.
Beck, like the Adlerians, was a fan of asking clients to engage in Socratic questioning, such as: “Could I be misrepresenting this situation?” Or “Am I focusing too much on the negative aspects of the relationship?” Socratic questioning helps clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns.
151
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is
a. Albert Ellis.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.
d. Aaron T. Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
Meichenbaum’s approach is called “self-instructional training.” Implementation of his so-called stress- inoculation technique has three basic phases.
First the client is involved in an “educational phase.” Here the client is taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior.
Next clients are taught to rehearse new self-talk. This is the “rehearsal phase.”
Finally, the “application phase” is where new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations.
152
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ________ in the treatment process.
a. Meichenbaum’s self-instructional therapy
b. reality therapy
c. gestalt therapy
d. vegotherapy
c. gestalt therapy
153
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent.
b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent.
c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent.
d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent.
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent.
154
The Adult ego state
a. contains the “shoulds” and “oughts.”
b. is the seat of feelings.
c. is like Freud’s superego.
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings.
155
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as
a. the Natural Child.
b. the Adapted Child.
c. the Little Professor.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
The Natural Child is what the person would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained.
The Little Professor is creative and intuitive. The Little Professor acts on hunches, often without the necessary information.
The Adapted Child learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand.
Messages we receive from parents to form the ego states are called “injunctions” and cause us to make certain early life decisions.
156
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
b. are known as crossed transactions.
c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states.
d. are always empathic.
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
157
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris’s book I’m OK—You’re OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position “I’m OK—You’re Not OK”
a. is generally self-abusive.
b. blames others for misery.
c. generally engages in self-mutilation.
d. is generally suicidal.
b. blames others for misery.
158
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman’s drama triangle would say
a. the man is stuck in the “I’m Not OK—You’re Not OK” life position.
b. the Critical Parent is dominating.
c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role.
Karpman suggested that only three roles are necessary for manipulative drama: persecutor, rescuer, and victim. A drama is similar to a TA “game,” yet it has a greater number of events and the person switches roles during the course of the interaction.
159
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
a. Empty chair technique.
b. Ego state analysis.
c. Contracting.
d. Formal assertiveness training.
c. Contracting.
160
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?
a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt.
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved.
d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
161
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
a. rackets.
b. life scripts.
c. the Little Professor.
d. an analysis of variance.
a. rackets.
162
According to Eric Berne a life script is actually
a. an ulterior transaction.
b. an ego state.
c. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.
d. a series of parallel transactions.
c. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.
163
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
a. the empty chair technique.
b. gestalt therapy.
c. the underdog.
d. the top dog.
b. gestalt therapy.
164
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
a. Perls and Berne.
b. Ellis and Harper.
c. Prochaska’s transtheoretical model (TTM).
d. Carkhuff and Gazda.
d. Carkhuff and Gazda.
165
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of
a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
b. new language programs for computer therapy.
c. new language psychotherapy software.
d. neurological psychotherapy.
a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinguistic programming.
166
A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client’s projection via
a. playing the projection technique.
b. the empty chair technique.
c. converting questions to statements.
d. a behavioral contract.
a. playing the projection technique.
Gestalt hits this head-on, and in “playing the projection” the counselor literally asks you to act like this person you dislike
167
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely
a. ask the client to recount a dream.
b. urge the client to engage in thought stopping.
c. prescribe relaxation homework.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling.
168
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles
a. successive approximations.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
c. free association.
d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
169
A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states “It is difficult to get a job in New York City” would be asked by the counselor to
a. go to the O*NET online website (www.onetonline.org) which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation’s primary source of occupational information.
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
c. read the OOH.
d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII).
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement.
170
Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates
a. psychodrama.
b. Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional
disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts.
c. conditioned reflex therapy.
d. client-centered therapy.
a. psychodrama.
171
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in
a. sublimation.
b. a panic reaction.
c. retroflection.
d. repression.
c. retroflection.
172
Gestalt means
a. a group.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
c. a dyad.
d. visual acuity.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
173
Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
a. four layers of neurosis
b. three layers of neurosis
c. two layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis
174
In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as
a. unfinished business.
b. the emerging gestalt.
c. form/figure language.
d. the top dog.
a. unfinished business.
175
Gestalt therapy emphasizes
a. cognitive-behavioral issues.
b. transference issues.
c. traumatic childhood memories.
d. awareness in the here and now and dream work.
d. awareness in the here and now and dream work.
176
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of
a. behavioral self-control.
b. choice theory.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
d. the rehearsal experiment.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
Perls saw the “top dog” as the Critical Parent portion of the personality which is very authoritarian and quick to use “shoulds” and “oughts.”
The “underdog” was seen as weak, powerless, passive, and full of excuses. These splits in the personality would wage civil war within the individual.
In gestalt therapy, the empty chair technique could be employed so the individual could work on these opposing feelings.
That is to say, the person could be the top dog in one chair and the underdog in the other.
177
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that
a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams.
b. ignores nonverbal behavior.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
d. uses the making the rounds technique, which is not appropriate for group work.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
178
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during
a. the late 1970s.
b. the late 1960s.
c. the 1980s.
d. the mid-1950s.
b. the late 1960s.
179
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ________ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.
a. faster
b. slower
c. at the same pace
d. a and b
b. slower
180
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to ________.
a. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered.
b. directive; nondirective; client-centered.
c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirective.
d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective.
a. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered.
181
Rogers’s approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach.
a. existential or humanistic
b. cognitive
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. neodynamic
a. existential or humanistic
182
Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
b. Advice is given a lot.
c. Reflection is rarely utilized.
d. Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast pace
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
183
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess
a. the skill to be confrontational.
b. the ability to give advice.
c. the ability to do formal psychological testing.
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a
desirable “I–Thou relationship.”
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a
desirable “I–Thou relationship.”
184
Rogers viewed man as
a. basically evil.
b. driven by instincts.
c. a product of reinforcement.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.
Rogers (person-centered) individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization.
Berne (transactional analysis) messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or
bad, though intervention can change this script.
Freud (psychoanalysis) deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression.
Ellis (rational-emotive behavior therapy) people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Perls (gestalt) people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as “whole.” People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
Glasser (reality therapy) individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Adler (individual psychology) man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
Jung (analytic psychology) man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Skinner (behavior modification) humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
Bandura (neobehavioristic) person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important.
Frankl (logotherapy) existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice.
Williamson (trait-factor) through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
185
A person-centered therapist would
a. treat clients with everyday problems differently from psychotics.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions.
d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
186
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
b. the counselor uses silence.
c. the counselor reflects emotion.
d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session.
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
187
Rogers felt that ________ for client change to occur.
a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem
b. three conditions are necessary
c. nine conditions are necessary
d. two conditions are necessary
b. three conditions are necessary
188
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with a.
a bright verbal male.
b. a bright verbal female.
c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology.
d. a client who is not very verbal.
d. a client who is not very verbal.
189
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that
a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns.
b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling.
c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
190
Counselors who work as consultants
a. generally adhere to reality therapy.
b. generally adhere to one single theory.
c. generally adhere to consultation theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory.
191
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ________ setting.
a. group
b. work/organizational
c. continuing care
d. residential
b. work/organizational
192
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called
a. verbal tracking.
b. clarifying.
c. reflection.
d. paraphrasing.
a. verbal tracking.
193
The counselor’s social power is related to
a. age.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. sex and age.
d. degree of directiveness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
194
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor’s self-image are
a. choice of a modality and a learning disability.
b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree.
c. lack of NCC.
d. competence, power, and intimacy.
d. competence, power, and intimacy.
195
A counselor who is genuine
a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client.
b. does not change his or her true values from session to session.
c. is not empathic.
d. a and b.
d. a and b.
196
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy:
a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive.
b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
197
________ and ________ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
a. Truax; Carkhuff
b. Rogers; Berenson
c. Rogers; Brill
d. Carkhuff; Satir
a. Truax; Carkhuff
198
The human relations core for effective counseling includes
a. power, competence, and trustworthiness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
d. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
