Social & Cultural Diversity

Question 1

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as.

Answer 1

All of the above (cross-culture counseling, multicultural counseling, OR intercultural counseling)

Question 2

Culture refers to

Answer 2

All of the above (customs shared by a group which distinguishes it from other groups AND values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group, AND attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize the members of a group often passed from generation to generation)

Question 3

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client is

Answer 3

Belongs to a different culture from the helper

Question 4

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

Answer 4

The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

Question 5

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

Answer 5

A separate culture

Question 6

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Answer 6

Berne 

Question 7

_______ & ________ Would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight

Answer 7

Freud; Lorenz

Question 8

______ Believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

Answer 8

Social learning theorist

Question 9

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 is now the ACA, contribute to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

Answer 9

The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns and Personnel and Guudence, later known as the Association of Mulitcultural Counseling and Development.

Question 10

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

Answer 10

B & C (wrote the 1978 classic seasons of a man’s life in the 1997 sequel seasons of a woman’s life AND postulated a midlife crisis of men between the ages 40 and 45 and four women approximately five years later)

Question 11

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

Answer 11

Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

Question 12

The Term contextualism implies that

Answer 12

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Question 13

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant of Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

Answer 13

As she felt it was more applicable to males than females

Question 14

_______ Helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement

Answer 14

The civil rights movement

Question 15

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome of the case, he or she is technically referring to

Answer 15

The prognosis

Question 16

 When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes transpire for my psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

Answer 16

Recommendations

Question 17

In the 1971 famous Stanford prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

Answer 17

People conform to social roles

Question 18

A wealth of research demonstrates that

Answer 18

In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background

Question 19

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

Answer 19

John Dollard and Neil Miller

Question 20

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _________ cognitive distance theory

Answer 20

Festinger’s

Question 21

Culture is Really a set of rules, procedures, ideas and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

Answer 21

Culture provides individuals with standards of

Question 22

A statistical nor measures actual conduct, while cultural norm

Answer 22

Describes how people are supposed to act

Question 23

Mores are beliefs and social customs

Answer 23

Regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior

Question 24

__________ Was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues

Answer 24

Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

Question 25

A counselor who is a part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at the point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

Answer 25

B & C (national culture AND ecological culture)

Question 26

Biological similarities in seamless are indicated by

Answer 26

Universal culture

Question 27

Early vocalization in infants

Answer 27

It’s nearly identical in all cultures around the Globe

Question 28

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

Answer 28

How an individual felt towards other ethnic groups

Question 29

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant clients home

Answer 29

Should ask to come in the home

Question 30

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

Answer 30

National culture

Question 31

Where is a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

Answer 31

Is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

Question 32

Ethnocentrism

Answer 32

Uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

Question 33

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

Answer 33

The gross domestic product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico

Question 34

Ethnocentrism

Answer 34

B & C (promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty AND Promote stability in pride, yet danger in the nuclear age)

Question 35

Regardless of culture the popular individual

Answer 35

Has good social skills

Question 36

Social exchange theory postulates that

Answer 36

A relationship Allender if the rewards or greater than the cost

Question 37

Balance theory postulates

Answer 37

B & C (A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency AND A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state)

Question 38

Most individuals believe that people and they perceive as attractive

Answer 38

Have other positive traits

Question 39

A counselor who works primarily league with older adults needs to be aware that

Answer 39

Surprisingly, financial security in health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment

Question 40

Most experts would agree that I multicultural counselors diagnosis

Answer 40

Must be done within a cultural context

Question 41

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ______ Social conformity and here she would from a client from his or her own culture

Answer 41

Less

Question 42

In terms of diagnosis

Answer 42

A clients behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed in bazaar in another

Question 43

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect Stranger for therapy

Answer 43

In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

Question 44

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman who has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful Silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

Answer 44

She will read positive reviews on the silver watch — and possibly negative reviews on about the gold model— after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduced post-decisional dissonance

Question 45

A woman who is being robbed

Answer 45

Would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increase

Question 46

A counselor reading this book says “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.” This

Answer 46

Is an attempt to reduce distance by denial, thus minimizing tension

Question 47

The statement “even though my cars old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payment low “

Answer 47

Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognition

Question 48

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

Answer 48

A&C (he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum watch AND He or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models)

Question 49

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

Answer 49

Helps them work it out on their own

Question 50

In a traditional culture which place is a high premium on authority figures

Answer 50

All of the above (positivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner AND A client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice AND Assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate) 

Question 51

Cognitive dissonance research skills mainly with

Answer 51

Cognition an attitude formation

Question 52

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

Answer 52

Less aggressive children

Question 53

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

Answer 53

Has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

Question 54

In intercultural/Multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

Answer 54

The client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

Question 55

The literature suggest these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

Answer 55

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistant, and self disclosure

Question 56

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender

Answer 56

All of the above (it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture AND Lower income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class AND Lower income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class)

Question 57

A(n) ______ Client would most likely have the most difficulty with self disclosure when speaking to a white counselor

Answer 57

African-American male

Question 58

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselors statement that is somewhat like he or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., and assimilation error). he or she would Perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

Answer 58

Even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)

Question 59

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common air is made with negative transference

Answer 59

Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

Question 60

Counselors who have a good listening skills

Answer 60

Facilitate therapeutic surrender

Question 61

Counselors can more easily advise

Answer 61

Clients from their own culture

Question 62

It’s easiest to empathize with

Answer 62

A client who is similar to you

Question 63

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

Answer 63

When the nature in structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

Question 64

A client from another culture will

Answer 64

Speak to the counselor differently from the way here she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background

Question 65

an African-American client tells a white counselor that’s a dance she went to last night was “bad.” though she literally means it was good. The counselors misunderstanding could best be described as

Answer 65

Connotative error

Question 66

A monolingual US counselor

Answer 66

Speaks only English

Question 67

________ Was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling

Answer 67

The 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. The board of education, which outlawed public school segregation

Question 68

 Multicultural counseling promotes

Answer 68

Eclecticism

Question 69

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the Emic viewpoint. The word emic

Answer 69

Is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

Question 70

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “you can deal with your Asian American clients the same way you do with anybody else” is espousing the

Answer 70

Etic viewpoint, derived from the term Phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language

Question 71

The statement “all humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more like than different” is based on the

Answer 71

Etic viewpoint

Question 72

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secure several books which delineate the culture aspects of native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

Answer 72

Emic viewpoint

Question 73

An Asian American counselor says to an African-American client, “if you’re unhappy with the system, get out there in rebel. You can change the system.”This is the _________ viewpoint for coping with the environment

Answer 73

Alloplastic

Question 74

A young Latino Male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you were saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested

Answer 74

An autoplastic method of coping

Question 75

You were counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot leave her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest positions and they cannot find any physical reasons for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

Answer 75

She has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference 

Question 76

Positive transference is to love or affection, as a negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

Answer 76

Uncertainty

Question 77

Is the word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

Answer 77

All people must adjust to environmental in geological demeands

Question 78

A client who is counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

Answer 78

Attacking the system

Question 79

Good multicultural counselors are

Answer 79

Flexible

Question 80

A client remarks, “hey, I am African-American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that

Answer 80

Race is not the same as ethnicity

Question 81

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling filled out the counselors training

Answer 81

Should be broad an interdisciplinary

Question 82

Doing cross-cultural canceling

Answer 82

Makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

Question 83

Floyd Henry Alport created the concept of social facilitation. According to the theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

Answer 83

Perform better if he or she is part of a group

Question 84

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

Answer 84

After a period of time, one forgets to communicator but remembers the message

Question 85

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America

Answer 85

McDougall and Ross

Question 86

________ Is associated with obedience and authority

Answer 86

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist

Question 87

Milgram discovered that normal People would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructed to do so we’re given via person perceived as

Answer 87

And authority figure

Question 88

The tendency to affiliate with others

Answer 88

Is highest in firstborns and only children

Question 89

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of to prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

Answer 89

Approach-approach conflict

Question 90

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

Answer 90

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 91

Email client tells his counselor that he’s attracted to you “a gorgeous woman who is violent in chemically dependent”this creates an

Answer 91

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 92

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will except suggestions more readily If

Answer 92

The client likes the counselor

Question 93

In adept multicultural counselor

Answer 93

Usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity

Question 94

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. Add a boy summer camp near robbers cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in the study was that

Answer 94

A cooperative, or so-called subordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring to hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Question 95

Sex role stereotyping what imply that

Answer 95

A and B ( a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client AND A male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a me clients)

Question 96

The statement “whites are better than African-Americans” illustrate

Answer 96

Racism

Question 97

In terms of research related to affiliation

Answer 97

All of the above (misery loves miserable company AND Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later AND People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear)

Question 98

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praised the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about 1/3 of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

Answer 98

He too felt the group activity it was very helpful

Question 99

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

Answer 99

52-year-old, single, African-American male school administrator

Question 100

Japanese client it was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

Answer 100

Normal behavior within the context of her culture