Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards
America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as.
All of the above (cross-culture counseling, multicultural counseling, OR intercultural counseling)
Culture refers to
All of the above (customs shared by a group which distinguishes it from other groups AND values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group, AND attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize the members of a group often passed from generation to generation)
Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client is
Belongs to a different culture from the helper
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture
The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents
A separate culture
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
Berne 
_______ & ________ Would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight
Freud; Lorenz
______ Believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.
Social learning theorist
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 is now the ACA, contribute to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by
The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns and Personnel and Guudence, later known as the Association of Mulitcultural Counseling and Development.
Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He
B & C (wrote the 1978 classic seasons of a man’s life in the 1997 sequel seasons of a woman’s life AND postulated a midlife crisis of men between the ages 40 and 45 and four women approximately five years later)
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:
Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
The Term contextualism implies that
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant of Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development
As she felt it was more applicable to males than females
_______ Helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement
The civil rights movement
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome of the case, he or she is technically referring to
The prognosis
 When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes transpire for my psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to
Recommendations
In the 1971 famous Stanford prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that
People conform to social roles
A wealth of research demonstrates that
In most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with
John Dollard and Neil Miller
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is _________ cognitive distance theory
Festinger’s
Culture is Really a set of rules, procedures, ideas and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that
Culture provides individuals with standards of
A statistical nor measures actual conduct, while cultural norm
Describes how people are supposed to act
Mores are beliefs and social customs
Regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
__________ Was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
A counselor who is a part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at the point near the equator. Her primary concern will be
B & C (national culture AND ecological culture)
Biological similarities in seamless are indicated by
Universal culture
Early vocalization in infants
It’s nearly identical in all cultures around the Globe
In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated
How an individual felt towards other ethnic groups
According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant clients home
Should ask to come in the home
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by
National culture
Where is a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society
Is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory
Ethnocentrism
Uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others
All of these statements are ethnocentric except
The gross domestic product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico
Ethnocentrism
B & C (promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty AND Promote stability in pride, yet danger in the nuclear age)
Regardless of culture the popular individual
Has good social skills
Social exchange theory postulates that
A relationship Allender if the rewards or greater than the cost
Balance theory postulates
B & C (A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency AND A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state)
Most individuals believe that people and they perceive as attractive
Have other positive traits
A counselor who works primarily league with older adults needs to be aware that
Surprisingly, financial security in health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment
Most experts would agree that I multicultural counselors diagnosis
Must be done within a cultural context
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ______ Social conformity and here she would from a client from his or her own culture
Less
In terms of diagnosis
A clients behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed in bazaar in another
In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect Stranger for therapy
In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help
According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman who has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful Silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.
She will read positive reviews on the silver watch — and possibly negative reviews on about the gold model— after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduced post-decisional dissonance
A woman who is being robbed
Would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increase
A counselor reading this book says “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.” This
Is an attempt to reduce distance by denial, thus minimizing tension
The statement “even though my cars old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payment low “
Is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognition
In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that
A&C (he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum watch AND He or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models)
In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who
Helps them work it out on their own
In a traditional culture which place is a high premium on authority figures
All of the above (positivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner AND A client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice AND Assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate) 
Cognitive dissonance research skills mainly with
Cognition an attitude formation
Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce
Less aggressive children
Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling
Has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races
In intercultural/Multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means
The client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts
The literature suggest these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:
Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistant, and self disclosure
In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender
All of the above (it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture AND Lower income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class AND Lower income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class)
A(n) ______ Client would most likely have the most difficulty with self disclosure when speaking to a white counselor
African-American male
According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselors statement that is somewhat like he or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., and assimilation error). he or she would Perceive any dissimilar attitudes as
Even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error)
When counseling a client from a different culture, a common air is made with negative transference
Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance
Counselors who have a good listening skills
Facilitate therapeutic surrender
Counselors can more easily advise
Clients from their own culture
It’s easiest to empathize with
A client who is similar to you
In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective
When the nature in structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
A client from another culture will
Speak to the counselor differently from the way here she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background
an African-American client tells a white counselor that’s a dance she went to last night was “bad.” though she literally means it was good. The counselors misunderstanding could best be described as
Connotative error
A monolingual US counselor
Speaks only English
________ Was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling
The 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. The board of education, which outlawed public school segregation
 Multicultural counseling promotes
Eclecticism
Multicultural counselors often adhere to the Emic viewpoint. The word emic
Is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language
A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “you can deal with your Asian American clients the same way you do with anybody else” is espousing the
Etic viewpoint, derived from the term Phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language
The statement “all humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more like than different” is based on the
Etic viewpoint
A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secure several books which delineate the culture aspects of native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the
Emic viewpoint
An Asian American counselor says to an African-American client, “if you’re unhappy with the system, get out there in rebel. You can change the system.”This is the _________ viewpoint for coping with the environment
Alloplastic
A young Latino Male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you were saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested
An autoplastic method of coping
You were counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot leave her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest positions and they cannot find any physical reasons for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be
She has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference 
Positive transference is to love or affection, as a negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to
Uncertainty
Is the word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means
All people must adjust to environmental in geological demeands
A client who is counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply
Attacking the system
Good multicultural counselors are
Flexible
A client remarks, “hey, I am African-American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that
Race is not the same as ethnicity
Experts in the field of multicultural counseling filled out the counselors training
Should be broad an interdisciplinary
Doing cross-cultural canceling
Makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences
Floyd Henry Alport created the concept of social facilitation. According to the theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will
Perform better if he or she is part of a group
In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that
After a period of time, one forgets to communicator but remembers the message
In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America
McDougall and Ross
________ Is associated with obedience and authority
Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist
Milgram discovered that normal People would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructed to do so we’re given via person perceived as
And authority figure
The tendency to affiliate with others
Is highest in firstborns and only children
A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of to prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an
Approach-approach conflict
When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Email client tells his counselor that he’s attracted to you “a gorgeous woman who is violent in chemically dependent”this creates an
Approach-avoidance conflict
According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will except suggestions more readily If
The client likes the counselor
In adept multicultural counselor
Usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity
A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. Add a boy summer camp near robbers cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in the study was that
A cooperative, or so-called subordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring to hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation
Sex role stereotyping what imply that
A and B ( a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client AND A male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a me clients)
The statement “whites are better than African-Americans” illustrate
Racism
In terms of research related to affiliation
All of the above (misery loves miserable company AND Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later AND People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear)
Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praised the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about 1/3 of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that
He too felt the group activity it was very helpful
The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a
52-year-old, single, African-American male school administrator
Japanese client it was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying
Normal behavior within the context of her culture
