Human Growth & Development Flashcards
Freud stages are psychosexual where Erik Erikson stages are
Psychosocial
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erick Erickson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist
Believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior
The only psycho analyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was
Eric Erickson
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory was four stages. the correct order from stage one to stage four is
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Some behavioral scientist have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
His findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
Conservation
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
Volume or mass
A child masters conservation in the piagetian stage known as
Concrete operations – ages 7–11 years
_______ Expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
During a thunderstorm, a six-year-old child in Piagets stage of pre-operational thoughts (stage 2) says, “the rain is following me.” This is an example of
Egocentrism
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
Three levels of morality
The Heinz dilemma is a Kohlberg’s theory as
The typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erickson
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
Preconventional, conventional, post conventional
Trust versus mistrust is
Ericksons first stage of psychosocial development
A person who has successfully mastered Erickson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Eriksons’s final or eighth stage
Integrity versus despair
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individuals moral behavior is guided by
Consequences
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
B & C (a desire to live up to societies expectations AND a desire to conform)
Kohlberg highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
Has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level three, which is post conventional or self-accepted moral principles,
Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level
The zone of proximal development
Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
Freud and Erickson
Could be classified as maturationists 
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most commonly associated with
 Bonding and attachment
In which Ericksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur
Generativity versus stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation in isolation in rhesus monkeys is
Harry Harlow
The statement: “males are better than females when performing mathematical calculation” is
True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby in Carol Jacklin
The Ericksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
Intimacy versus isolation – ages 23- 34 years
We often refer to individuals as conformist. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 13-year-old male middle school student
In harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
The baby monkey was more likely to clean to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. 
In adolescence
Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
In the general US population
Suicide rates tend to increase with age
The fear of death
Is greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory attachment is a major factor
Which evolves primarily during the oral age
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general
All of the above (girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by the age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age)
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
Latency
In terms of parenting young children
Boys are punished more than girls
When developmental theorist speak of nature or nurture they really mean
How much heredity or environment interact to influence development
Stage theorist assume
Qualitative changes between stages occur
Development
Is a continuous process which begins at conception
Development is Cephalocaudal, which means
Head to foot
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and
All of the above (assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code)
Piaget’s final stage as soon as the formal operational stage. In this stage
A and B (abstract thinking emerges AND problems can be solved using deduction)
Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into ______ levels
6;3
A person who lives by his or her individual conscious and universal ethical principles
A and C (has, according to Kohlberg, reach the highest stage of moral development AND is in the postconventional level of self accepted moral principles)
Freuds Oedipus complex (or Owdipus stage)
A and B (is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur AND occurs during the phallic stage)
In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as
The Electra complex
The correct order of Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is
Oral, anal, Phallic, latency, and genital
Eleanor Gibson research the matter of depth perception and children by utilizing
An apparatus known as a visual cliff
Theorist who believe that development merely consist of quantitative changes are referred to as
Empiricist
An empiricist view of development would be
Behavioristic
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frighten monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
Ran over and clung to the cloth in wire surrogate mothers
A terrorist who views developmental changes as quantitative it said to be an empircest. The antithesis of this position holes that developmental strides or qualitative. What is the name given to this position
Organicism
In PIaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the
Sensorimotor 
A mother hide a toy behind her back in a young child does not believe the toy exist anymore. The child has not mastered
A&C (object permanence AND representational thought)
The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
Sensorimotor stage — birth to 2 years
John Bowlby has asserted that
Conduct disorder and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment in bonding in early childhood
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals place in isolation during the first few months of life
Appeared to be autistic
According to the Freudians, if a child is surveillly traumatized, he or she may _____ a given cycle sexual stage
Become fixated at
An expert who has received the literature on videos and violence would conclude that
Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
A counselor utilizes the term instinctual technically means
Behavior that manifest itself in all normal members of a given species
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to
The study of animals behavior in their natural environment
A child who focuses exclusively on the clowns red nose but ignores the clowns other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of
Centration
Piaget felt
That teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations and best via their own actions and experimentation
Piaget preoperational stage
Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual can move onto the next stage
The tendency for an adult female in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by
Sex-role socialization
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of
Bowlby 
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that
B & C (in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys AND in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls)
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is
Sibling rivalry
A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to
Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2-7 years
Elementary school counseling and guidance services
Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
These counselors are effective, do you make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed
According to yell research by Daniel J. Levinson
B and C (80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis AND an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes)
Ericksons middle age stage (ages 35–60 )is known as Generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to
All of the above (the ability to do creative work or raise a family AND the opposite of stagnation AND the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time)
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels
Ego-integrity in Ericksons integrity versus despair stage
Sincere motor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud and as _____ is to Erickson
Trust versus mistrust
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
H. Harlow
When development comes to a halt, counselor say that the client
Suffers from fixation
Kolberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the
Superego
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with
Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level
A critical period
A&C (makes imprinting possible AND signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all)
Imprinting Dash rapid learning during a critical period of development Dash is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work is this area was done by
Konrad Lorenz
Marital satisfaction
Often decreases with parenthood in often improves after a child leaves home
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates
Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self–actualization
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow
Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped the “psychology of the average”
Piaget is
A structuralist who believes stage changes or qualitative
_______ Factors causes down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21
Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In PIagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called
Equilibrium
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists
Allow clients to work through early conflicts
Ritualistic behavior, which are common to all members of a species, are known as
Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which
The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that
No one theory completely explains developmental process; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
Equilibration is
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
A Counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on
Maslow’s lower order needs such as physiological and safety needs
The anal retentive personality is
Stingy
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be
Considered an oral character
