Human Growth & Development Flashcards by Deedee Britto

Freud stages are psychosexual where Erik Erikson stages are

Psychosocial

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In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erick Erickson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist

Believe in man’s power of reasoning to control behavior

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The only psycho analyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was

Eric Erickson

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The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory

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Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory was four stages. the correct order from stage one to stage four is

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

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Some behavioral scientist have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

His findings were often derived from observing his own children

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A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

Conservation

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In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Volume or mass

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A child masters conservation in the piagetian stage known as

Concrete operations – ages 7–11 years

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_______ Expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

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According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape

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During a thunderstorm, a six-year-old child in Piagets stage of pre-operational thoughts (stage 2) says, “the rain is following me.” This is an example of

Egocentrism

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Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

Three levels of morality

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The Heinz dilemma is a Kohlberg’s theory as

The typing test is to the level of typing skills mastered

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The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Erickson

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Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

Preconventional, conventional, post conventional

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Trust versus mistrust is

Ericksons first stage of psychosocial development

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A person who has successfully mastered Erickson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Eriksons’s final or eighth stage

Integrity versus despair

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In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individuals moral behavior is guided by

Consequences

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Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

B & C (a desire to live up to societies expectations AND a desire to conform)

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Kohlberg highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

Has self-imposed morals and ethics

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According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level three, which is post conventional or self-accepted moral principles,

Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

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The zone of proximal development

Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

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Freud and Erickson

Could be classified as maturationists

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John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most commonly associated with

Bonding and attachment

In which Ericksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur

Generativity versus stagnation

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation in isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Harry Harlow

The statement: “males are better than females when performing mathematical calculation” is

True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby in Carol Jacklin

The Ericksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

Intimacy versus isolation – ages 23- 34 years

We often refer to individuals as conformist. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

A 13-year-old male middle school student

In harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

The baby monkey was more likely to clean to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

In adolescence

Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

In the general US population

Suicide rates tend to increase with age

The fear of death

Is greatest during middle age

In Freudian theory attachment is a major factor

Which evolves primarily during the oral age

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general

All of the above (girls grow up to smile more, girls are using more feeling words by the age 2, girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age)

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

Latency

In terms of parenting young children

Boys are punished more than girls

When developmental theorist speak of nature or nurture they really mean

How much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Stage theorist assume

Qualitative changes between stages occur

Development

Is a continuous process which begins at conception

Development is Cephalocaudal, which means

Head to foot

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

All of the above (assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes, assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes, assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code)

Piaget’s final stage as soon as the formal operational stage. In this stage

A and B (abstract thinking emerges AND problems can be solved using deduction)

Kohlberg lists ______ stages of moral development which fall into ______ levels

6;3

A person who lives by his or her individual conscious and universal ethical principles

A and C (has, according to Kohlberg, reach the highest stage of moral development AND is in the postconventional level of self accepted moral principles)

Freuds Oedipus complex (or Owdipus stage)

A and B (is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur AND occurs during the phallic stage)

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

The Electra complex

The correct order of Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is

Oral, anal, Phallic, latency, and genital

Eleanor Gibson research the matter of depth perception and children by utilizing

An apparatus known as a visual cliff

Theorist who believe that development merely consist of quantitative changes are referred to as

Empiricist

An empiricist view of development would be

Behavioristic

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frighten monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

Ran over and clung to the cloth in wire surrogate mothers

A terrorist who views developmental changes as quantitative it said to be an empircest. The antithesis of this position holes that developmental strides or qualitative. What is the name given to this position

Organicism

In PIaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

Sensorimotor

A mother hide a toy behind her back in a young child does not believe the toy exist anymore. The child has not mastered

A&C (object permanence AND representational thought)

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

Sensorimotor stage — birth to 2 years

John Bowlby has asserted that

Conduct disorder and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment in bonding in early childhood

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals place in isolation during the first few months of life

Appeared to be autistic

According to the Freudians, if a child is surveillly traumatized, he or she may _____ a given cycle sexual stage

Become fixated at

An expert who has received the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

A counselor utilizes the term instinctual technically means

Behavior that manifest itself in all normal members of a given species

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

The study of animals behavior in their natural environment

A child who focuses exclusively on the clowns red nose but ignores the clowns other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

Centration

Piaget felt

That teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations and best via their own actions and experimentation

Piaget preoperational stage

Includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual can move onto the next stage

The tendency for an adult female in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by

Sex-role socialization

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

Bowlby

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

B & C (in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys AND in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls)

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

Sibling rivalry

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to

Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2-7 years

Elementary school counseling and guidance services

Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that

These counselors are effective, do you make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed

According to yell research by Daniel J. Levinson

B and C (80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis AND an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes)

Ericksons middle age stage (ages 35–60 )is known as Generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to

All of the above (the ability to do creative work or raise a family AND the opposite of stagnation AND the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time)

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

Ego-integrity in Ericksons integrity versus despair stage

Sincere motor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud and as _____ is to Erickson

Trust versus mistrust

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

H. Harlow

When development comes to a halt, counselor say that the client

Suffers from fixation

Kolberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

Superego

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Konrad Lorenz

The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with

Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level

A critical period

A&C (makes imprinting possible AND signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all)

Imprinting Dash rapid learning during a critical period of development Dash is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work is this area was done by

Konrad Lorenz

Marital satisfaction

Often decreases with parenthood in often improves after a child leaves home

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates

Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self–actualization

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped the “psychology of the average”

Piaget is

A structuralist who believes stage changes or qualitative

_______ Factors causes down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In PIagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

Equilibrium

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

Allow clients to work through early conflicts

Ritualistic behavior, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

Fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which

The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

No one theory completely explains developmental process; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

Equilibration is

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

A Counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

Maslow’s lower order needs such as physiological and safety needs

The anal retentive personality is

Stingy

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

Considered an oral character