Counseling and Helping Relationships Flashcards
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help from the personality. _____ and ______ , Who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytical psychology, respectively
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
Eric Berne’s Transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the child, the adult, and the parent. These roughly correspond to Freud structural theory that includes includes
Id, ego, and superego
In the transactional analysis TA, the ______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _______
Parent, superego
Roitfeld that successful resolution of the oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
Freudians refer to the ego as
Executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
Freud‘s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
Thanatos 
The Id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification search for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
Ego
A therapist who says to a patient “say whatever comes to mind” is practicing
Free association
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ______rather than ________ like the id.
Perfection; pleasure
All of these theorist would be associated with the analytical movement except
Wolpe
Most scholars what assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled the interpretation of dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
Manifest and latent content
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
Transference
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement
Little Albert
Are: Little Hans, Anna O. & Daniel Paul Schreber
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
All of the above (Utilizes fewer sessions per week AND Is performed face-to-face AND Does not utilize the couch) 
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
Catharsis and/or abrecation
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ______ Is to topographical theory
Unconscious, Preconscious, conscious
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is
The Oedipus complex
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except
Subjective units of distress scale
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about 2 1/2 minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
Pre-conscious mind
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
Ego defense mechanisms
Most therapist agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny to distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
Repression
Suppression differs from repression in that
Repression is automatic or involuntary
And aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying
Sublimation
And advertising agency secretly in beds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the centers chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
None of the above (sublimation, repression, or introjection)
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
Displacement
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
Sour grapes rationalization
A Masters level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air condition, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
Sweet lemon rationalization
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sent in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by
Denial
________ It’s like looking in a mirror but thinking you were looking out a window
Projection
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
Reaction formation
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
Compensation
Jane feels inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spent every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in
Identification
Client who has incorporated his fathers values into his thought patterns as a product of
Introjection
Declines tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
Resistance
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
Mini aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
Make the clients aware of their unconscious process
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
Alfred Adler’s Individual psychology
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors referred to it as
Insight
C. G. Jung, The founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _____ principal, while woman are intuitive, operating on the ______principal
Logos; Eros
Jung used drawings balanced around a Center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
Mandalas
_____ Emphasized the drive of superiority
Adler
The statement “sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction” describes
Alfred Adlers theory
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
Social factors
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
Jung
Personality types of the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
Carl G. Jung
One of Adler students, Rudolph Dreikurs
Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
Adler emphasize that people wish to be long. This is known as
Social connectedness
Adler was one of the first therapist who relied on paradox. using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
C. J. Jung Felt that society cause men to deny their feminine side known as ________ in women to deny their masculine side known as ________
anima; animus
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
Archetypes
Common architypes include
All of the above (The persona — the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self AND Animus, anima, and self AND shadow — The mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired)
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselors verbal response is known as
Confrontation
During a professional staff meeting, the counselor says he’s worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a six-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
Is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution
In eclectic counselor
Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the clients attributes, resources, and situation
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
Frederick C. Throne
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
Counter transference
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
Adler
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
An Adelarian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation
Existentialism is to logotherapy as _________ is to behaviorism
Associationism
BF Skinners reinforcement theory elaborated on
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
Classical conditioning relates to the work of
Ivan Pavlov
And association that naturally exist, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as aUR or UCR) when food is presented, is called
an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Skinners operate conditioning is also referred to as
Instrumental learning
Respondent behavior refers to
Reflexes
All reinforcers
Tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
Is not the same thing as punishment
Punishment
Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ______ and the meat was the ______
CS; UCS
The most effective time (interval temporal) relation between the CS and the US
Is .5 or half a second
Mini researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in
No conditioning
Several graduate students in counseling to train a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlovs classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
Stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation 
The department chairman found the poodles response to his automobile horn humorous. He’s thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
Stimulus discrimination
The department chairman was further amused by the poodles tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. He does told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate students Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful in as much as the dog merely took two very loud barking. In this case
Experimental neurosis set in 
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast food cheeseburger. The research then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
Extinction, and the salvation will disappear
John B Watson’s name is associated with
Little Albert
During a family counseling session, a six-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
Extinction
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while behavior therapy emphasizes_______. 
a and c ( instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning AND Skinnerian principals; Pavlovian principals)
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as a treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. Counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
My charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals can indeed become conditioned to control automatic processes, were conducted by
Neal Miller
The significance of the little Albert experiment by John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
A phobia could be a learned behavior
John B Watson is too cause is Mary covered Jones is to
Cure 
In the famous little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
Stimulus generalization
A counselor who says here she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
Freud’s topographic hypothesis
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
A treatment models
A man says, “my life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is
Using concreteness
A client Who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his draw muscles for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
A directive
_______ Is a biofeedback device
A bathroom scale
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor this instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
Positive reinforcement
Genuineness, or congruence, is really
The counselors ability to be himself or herself
 Empathy is
The ability to understand the clients world into communicate this to the client
When something is added following in operant, it is known as a_______, and when some thing is taken away it is called a ________
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS.) In a short period of time the light alone would illicit the salvation. This is called
Higher-order conditioning
A counselor decides to use bio feedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
A temperature trainer
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontails muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and this would rely on
EMG feedback
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is with the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, and this procedure
A lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior
A counselor who wants to teach her client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
EEG feedback
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
Continuous reinforcement
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _______, based on the number of responses and the ______, Based on the time elapsed
Ratio; interval
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
Variable ratio
Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
Subjective units of disturbance scale
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own this is known as
Secondary reinforcement
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
Are you back-up reinforcer
An alcoholic is given Antabus, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
Aversive conditioning
A counselor decides to treat a clients phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s techniques of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
Imagining that she is calling the airlines reservations
Counselor utilized role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situation in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
Behavioral rehearsal
Systematic desensitization consist of these orderly steps:
Relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo destination
_______ Is behavioral sex therapy
Sensate focus
Counselor has an obese client imagine that he’s terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant seen in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
Convert Sensitization
One distinction between flooding (Also known as “ deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) And implosive therapy is that
Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination
Behavior therapist often shy away from punishment because
The effects of punishment are usually temporary and teachers aggression
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that
The counselor is utilizing to many close-ended questions
A client remarks that he Was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor response, “oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?” This is an example of
Sympathy
A new fight counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He just keeps repeating the client statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as
Parroting and is not recommended
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
Healing through meaning
All of these philosophers are existentialist except
Plato and Epictetus
Although behavior therapy puports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures
Existentialist focused primarily on
The clients perception of the here and now
Existential counselors as well as a Rogerian person centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that
The relationship is horizontal
Frankel is an existentialist. So are
Yalom and may
Existentialist speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the _____ world, the Mitwelt or the ____ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _____ world
Physical; relationship; identity
Frankls experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
That you can’t control the environment, but you can control your response
Existential counselors emphasize the clients
Free choice, decision, and will
Existential theorist speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
The philosophy of being and existing
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy is William Glasser is to
Reality therapy
Reality therapy has incorporated
Control theory, later referred to as choice theory
All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except
The clients childhood is explored
A counselor who repeats with a client has stated in the counselors own words is using
Paraphrasing
Most experts would agree that______ Is most threatening for clients as well as counselors
Silence
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
Successful behaviors
Glasser’s position on mental illness is that
Diagnostic labels gift clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
The relationship that the therapist has with a client in reality therapy is
Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong
Glaser’s theory was popularized educational circles after he wrote
Schools without failure
Glasser Suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts
That the client and counselor be persistent and never give up
According to Glasser, appositive addiction might be
Jogging
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using
Summarization
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ______ identity
Success
William Glasser, M.D., Is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, PhD, is to
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
In Albert Ellis’s rational emotive behavioral therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as
A & B (self-talk AND internal verbalizations)
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
Epictetus
REBT suggests the ABC theory of a personality in which A is the _____, B is the ______, and C is the _________
activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
The ABC Siri of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, ________ leads to E, _________
Disrupting the irrational behavior at B; A new emotional consequence
A counselor instructor client to read a guide to rational living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
Bibliotherapy
Should‘s and oughts are ______ according to Ellis
Musturbations
A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most horrible thing in the world.” This client is engaging in
Awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing
Bibliotherapy is a form of
Homework
Ellis feels that ________ is at the core of emotional disturbance
Irrational thinking at point B
Therapeutic cognitive reconstructuring really refers to
Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones
ELLIS most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
Only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause a ward off emotional discord)
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as _________ are to glassers choice theory
Pictures in your mind
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
RBT
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Scale (BDI), A self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to our REBT, back insisted that
Dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
The cognitive therapist most likely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is
Donald Meichenbaum
Eric Berne created traditional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapist are most likely to incorporate _______ In the treatment process
gestalt therapy
