Social & Cultural Diversity

Question 1

• *America has been called the most diverse country on the face**
• *of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or**
• *cultural background is known as**
• *a. cross-cultural counseling.**
• *b. multicultural counseling.**
• *c. intercultural counseling.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 1

d. all of the above.

Question 2

Culture refers to:

• *a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other**
• *groups.**
• *b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in**
• *the group.**
• *c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize**
• *members of a group.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 2

d. all of the above.

Question 3

• *Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client:**
• *a. is culturally biased.**
• *b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity.**
• *c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.**
• *d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged**
• *issues.**

Answer 3

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

Question 4

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture:

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

• *b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.**
• *c. the counselor will find the ICD diagnosis useless.**
• *d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis when**
• *counseling clients from another culture.**

Answer 4

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

Question 5

• *In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents**
• *a. a separate race.**
• *b. a separate culture.**
• *c. the silent middle class.**
• *d. a separate national culture.**

Answer 5

b. a separate culture.

Question 6

• *Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the**
• *social psychology movement?**
• *a. Freud**
• *b. Durkheim**
• *c. McDougall**
• *d. Berne**

Answer 6

d. Berne

Question 7

• *_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture,**
• *humans have an instinct to fight.**
• *a. Maslow; Rogers**
• *b. Ellis; Harper**
• *c. Freud; Lorenz**
• *d. Glasser; Rogers**

Answer 7

c. Freud; Lorenz

Question 8

_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who

witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

• *a. Instinct theorists**
• *b. Innate aggression theorists**
• *c. Social learning theorists**
• *d. Followers of Erik Erikson**

Answer 8

c. Social learning theorists

Question 9

• *The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the**
• *ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by:**
• *a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White**
• *Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the**

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

• *b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally**
• *different clients without three hours of relevant graduate**
• *work in this area.**
• *c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in**
• *order to work with culturally different clients.**
• *d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.**

Answer 9

• *a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White**
• *Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the**

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

Question 10

• *Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life tran-**
• *sitions. He**
• *a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling.**
• *b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the**
• *sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life in 1997.**
• *c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40–45**
• *and for women approximately fi ve years earlier.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 10

d. b and c.

Question 11

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are

• *a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.**
• *b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.**
• *c. culture, race, assertiveness.**
• *d. ego strength, anxiety, race.**

Answer 11

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Question 12

The term contextualism implies that:

• *a. multicultural counseling is the oldest sub-specialty in the**
• *profession.**
• *b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in**
• *which the behavior occurs.**
• *c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.**

d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.

Answer 12

• *b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in**
• *which the behavior occurs.**

Question 13

• *Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of**
• *moral development**
• *a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.**
• *b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.**
• *c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.**
• *d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.**

Answer 13

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Question 14

_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.

a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism.

• *b. The civil rights movement**
• *c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures**
• *possess a collective unconscious**
• *d. The Tarasoff Duty**

Answer 14

b. The civil rights movement

Question 15

• *When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to**
• *a. the prognosis.**
• *b. the diagnosis.**
• *c. the intervention.**
• *d. attending behavior.**

Answer 15

a. the prognosis.

Question 16

• *When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to:**
• *a. recommendations.**
• *b. the diagnosis.**
• *c. the prognosis.**

d. the notion of transference.

Answer 16

a. recommendations.

Question 17

Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with:

• *a. passivity.**
• *b. non-assertive behavior.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. aggression.**

Answer 17

d. aggression.

Question 18

• *A wealth of research demonstrates that:**
• *a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request**
• *Asian counselors.**
• *b. surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African-**
• *American counselors.**
• *c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same**
• *race and a similar cultural background.**
• *d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same**
• *race, yet a different culture.**

Answer 18

• *c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same**
• *race and a similar cultural background.**

Question 19

• *The frustration-aggression theory is associated with:**
• *a. Albert Ellis.**
• *b. Robert Havighurst, who created the idea of the develop-**
• *mental task concept.**
• *c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).**
• *d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.**

Answer 19

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Question 20

• *Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values**
• *shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative.**
• *This implies that:**
• *a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly**
• *from another.**
• *b. culture excludes customs.**
• *c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.**
• *d. culture is never socially learned.**

Answer 20

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

Question 21

• *A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural**
• *norm**
• *a. describes how people are supposed to act.**
• *b. has little to do with expectations.**
• *c. is irrelevant when counseling a client.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 21

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

Question 22

• *Mores are beliefs:**
• *a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.**

b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling.

• *c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.**
• *d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.**

Answer 22

a- regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

Question 23

• *_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on horticultural**
• *issues.**
• *a. Mark Savickas—a major figure in career counseling**
• *b. Alfred Adler—the Father of Individual Psychology**

c. Maxie Maultsby—the Father of Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT)

• *d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote**
• *Choosing a Vocation**

Answer 23

• *d- Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote**
• *Choosing a Vocation**

Question 24

• *A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling**
• *clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator.**
• *Her primary concern will be**
• *a. universal culture.**
• *b. national culture.**
• *c. ecological culture.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 24

d. b and c.

Question 25

• *Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by**
• *a. ecological culture.**
• *b. mores.**
• *c. regional and national culture.**
• *d. universal culture.**

Answer 25

d. universal culture.

The Human Genome Project has verified that biologically we

are all more alike than different. The adept multicultural counselor will always keep in mind that he or she—like the client—is

a product of universal culture.

Question 26

• *Early vocalization in infants:**
• *a. is more complex in African-American babies.**
• *b. is more complex in Caucasian babies.**
• *c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.**
• *d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance.**

Answer 26

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Question 27

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated

• *a. socioeconomic trends.**
• *b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.**
• *c. disadvantaged youth.**
• *d. language barriers between Blacks and Asians.**

Answer 27

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Question 28

• *According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home:**
• *a. should conduct the interview from the porch.**
• *b. should double-bind the client.**
• *c. should ask to come in the home.**
• *d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter**
• *the home.**

Answer 28

c. should ask to come in the home.

Question 29

• *Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by**
• *a. national culture.**
• *b. human culture.**
• *c. regional culture.**
• *d. ecological culture.**

Answer 29

a. national culture.

Question 30

• *Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a**
• *society differs from a culture in that a society**
• *a. is defined as a set of mores.**
• *b. has a distinct lack of norms.**
• *c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies**
• *a definitive territory.**
• *d. none of the above.**

Answer 30

• *c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies**
• *a definitive territory.**

Question 31

• *Ethnocentrism:**
• *a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.**
• *b. means race.**
• *c. is a genetic term.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 31

a. uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

Question 32

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

• *a. you can’t trust anyone over the age of 40.**
• *b. Americans are generous.**
• *c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish.**
• *d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds**
• *the figure in Mexico.**

Answer 32

• *d. the Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds**
• *the figure in Mexico.**

Question 33

Ethnocentrism:

• *a. is not universal.**
• *b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty.**
• *c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear**
• *age.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 33

d. b and c.

Question 34

• *Regardless of culture, the popular individual:**
• *a. has good social skills.**
• *b. values race over ethnicity.**
• *c. dresses in the latest styles.**
• *d. never possesses a modal personality.**

Answer 34

a. has good social skills

Question 35

• *Social exchange theory postulates that:**
• *a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive.**
• *b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than**
• *the costs.**

c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other.

d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

Answer 35

• *b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than**
• *the costs**

Question 36

• *Balance theory postulates:**
• *a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.**
• *b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.**
• *c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 36

d. b and c.

Question 37

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive:

• *a. are non-assertive.**
• *b. are aggressive.**
• *c. have other positive traits.**
• *d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.**

Answer 37

c. have other positive traits.

Question 38

• *A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population**
• *needs to be aware that**
• *a. African-American counselees make the best clients.**

b. Native Americans do not believe in cognitive interventions.

• *c. surprisingly enough, attractiveness is a fine predictor of**
• *retirement adjustment.**
• *d. surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the**
• *best predictors of retirement adjustment.**

Answer 38

• *d. surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the**
• *best predictors of retirement adjustment.**

Question 39

• *Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis:**
• *a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues.**
• *b. must be done within a cultural context.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. none of the above**

Answer 39

b. must be done within a cultural context.

Question 40

• *A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would**
• *most likely expect _______ social conformity than he or she**
• *would from a client from his or her own culture.**
• *a. less**
• *b. more**
• *c. the same**
• *d. more realistic**

Answer 40

a. less

Question 41

In terms of diagnosis:

• *a. a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one**
• *culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.**
• *b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.**
• *c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.**
• *d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males**

Question 42

• *In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect**
• *stranger for therapy.**
• *a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.**
• *b. This is true for LPCs but not true for MSW therapists.**
• *c. This is true for LPCs and MSWs but not clinical psychologists.**
• *d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to**
• *see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.**

Answer 42

• *d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to**
• *see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.**

Question 43

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger:

• *a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely**
• *a. feel intense guilt.**
• *b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.**
• *c. harbor severe hatred regarding his mother.**
• *d. harbor severe hatred regarding his father.**

Answer 43

b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior.

choice “b” best expresses the tendency to justify behavior to create a state of “consonance” (a fancy word for harmony) between attitudes and behavior. Hence, if a test report states that the watch is a good buy, the belief and the behavior are consistent. In case you haven’t picked it up yet, I’m betting you’ll see at least one question regarding cognitive dissonance on your exam.

Question 44

• *A woman who is being robbed:**
• *a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a**
• *large number of bystanders.**
• *b. would find that the number of people who would respond**
• *to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.**
• *c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to**
• *help her.**
• *d. none of the above.**

Answer 44

• *b. would find that the number of people who would respond**
• *to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.**

Here is a principle which is often quoted: The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases. Helping an individual in distress is generally called “altruism” in the literature. This same principle could conceivably apply in a psychological sense when you are working with groups and a client is the victim of scapegoating.

Question 45

• *A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about**
• *passing the NCE or licensing exam.” This:**
• *a. is displacement.**
• *b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.**
• *c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.**
• *d. is projection**

Answer 45

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

Question 46

• *The statement, “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,”**
• *a. is displacement.**
• *b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.**
• *c. is projection.**
• *d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.**

Answer 46

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Question 47

• *In the case of the individual who purchased the $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that**
• *a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding**
• *other models and secure a lot of information regarding**
• *the $20,000 platinum model.**
• *b. he or she might sell the $20,000 watch immediately following the purchase.**
• *c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 47

d. a and c

This is a tough question since the alternatives are a bit complex. Remember: cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.

Question 48

• *In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to**
• *want a counselor who:**
• *a. will give them “a good talking to.”**
• *b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice.**
• *c. helps them work it out on their own.**
• *d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.**

Answer 48

c. helps them work it out on their own.

The theory here is that middle- and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue

Question 49

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

• *a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in**
• *a negative manner.**
• *b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive**
• *advice.**
• *c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 49

d. all of the above.

Question 50

• *Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with**
• *a. attraction.**
• *b. cognition and attitude formation.**
• *c. cognitions and emotion.**
• *d. none of the above**

Answer 50

b. cognition and attitude formation.

Question 51

• *Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce:**
• *a. less aggressive children.**
• *b. more aggressive children.**
• *c. passive-aggressive children.**
• *d. passive-dependent children**

Answer 51

a. less aggressive children.

Question 52

• *Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling**
• *a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling.**
• *b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. has been used more than other models to help promote**
• *understanding between cultures and races.**

Answer 52

• *d. has been used more than other models to help promote**
• *understanding between cultures and races.**

Person-centered therapy is nonjudgmental and thus is considered a superb modality for multicultural/multiracial usage

Question 53

• *In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic**
• *surrender means**
• *a. nothing—it is not a valid term.**
• *b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident.**
• *c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to**
• *a counselor from a different culture and becomes open**
• *with feelings and thoughts.**
• *d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.**

Answer 53

• *c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to**
• *a counselor from a different culture and becomes open**
• *with feelings and thoughts.**

Question 54

• *The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting**
• *therapeutic surrender:**
• *a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance.**
• *b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and**
• *self-disclosure.**
• *c. paradoxing the client.**
• *d. analyzing fl ight-to-health variables.**

Answer 54

• *b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and**
• *self-disclosure.**

Question 55

• *In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,**
• *a. it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.**
• *b. lower-class people often don’t trust others from a higher**
• *social class.**
• *c. lower-class clients may feel that they will end up as losers**
• *dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 55

d. all of the above.

Question 56

• *A(n) _______ client would most likely have the most difficulty**
• *with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor.**
• *a. middle-class Caucasian female**
• *b. upper-class African-American female**
• *c. lower-class African-American male**
• *d. upper-class Caucasian male**

Answer 56

c. lower-class African-American male

Question 57

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive
a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she
would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as
a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).
b. standardization.
c. similar to his or her own.
d. paraphrasing.

Answer 57

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Question 58

• *When counseling a client from a different culture, a common**
• *error is made when negative transference**
• *a. is interpreted as positive transference.**
• *b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.**
• *c. is interpreted as White privilege.**
• *d. none of the above.**

Answer 58

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Question 59

• *Counselors who have good listening skills:**
• *a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.**
• *b. hinder therapeutic surrender.**
• *c. often have a monolithic perspective.**
• *d. are too non-directive to promote therapeutic surrender.**

Answer 59

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Question 60

Counselors can more easily advise:

• *a. clients from their own culture.**
• *b. clients from a different culture.**
• *c. clients of a different race.**
• *d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.**

Answer 60

a. clients from their own culture.

Question 61

To empathize is easiest with:

• *a. a client who is similar to you.**
• *b. a client who is dissimilar to you.**
• *c. lower-class Hispanic clients.**
• *d. upper-class Asian-American male clients.**

Answer 61

a. a client who is similar to you.

Question 62

• *In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This**
• *concept asserts that counseling is most effective:**
• *a. when structured exercises are utilized.**
• *b. when a counselor takes an active–directive stance.**
• *c. when non-directive procedures are emphasized.**
• *d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation**
• *is described during the initial session.**

Answer 62

• *d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation**
• *is described during the initial session.**

Question 63

• *A client from another culture will:**
• *a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a**
• *peer.**
• *b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she**
• *would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.**
• *c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor.**
• *d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor’s sympathy.**

Answer 63

• *b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she**
• *would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.**

Question 64

• *An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that**
• *things are “bad” though she literally means something is good**
• *The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a**
• *a. client of color error.**
• *b. cognitive dissonance error.**
• *c. connotative error.**
• *d. confounding variable**

Answer 64

c. connotative error.

Question 65

A monolingual U.S. counselor:

• *a. speaks only English.**
• *b. speaks English and Spanish.**
• *c. works as a counseling interpreter.**
• *d. fi ts the defi nition of bilingual.**

Answer 65

a. speaks only English.

Question 66

• *. _______ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.**
• *a. Frankl’s experience in a concentration camp.**
• *b. Perl’s use of the German concept of Gestalt.**
• *c. Freud’s visits to the United States.**
• *d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board**
• *of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.**

Answer 66

• *d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs. the Board**
• *of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.**

Desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors.

Question 67

Multicultural counseling promotes:

a. eclecticism.
b. rigidity.
c. psychodynamic models.
d. neurolinguistic programming.

Answer 67

a. eclecticism.

Most experts would insist that choice “a” is best inasmuch as intercultural counselors need to be fl exible. An “eclectic” position
(i.e., selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse
counseling models) would generally come closest to meeting
this requirement.

Question 68

• *Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint.**
• *The word emic:**
• *a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954**
• *outlawing segregation.**
• *b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture.**
• *c. is associated with Rational Behavior Therapy (RBT).**
• *d. is a “culture specifi c” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.**

Answer 68

d. is a “culture specifi c” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

Question 69

• *A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee, “You**
• *can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else,” is espousing the:**
• *a. emic viewpoint.**
• *b. alloplastic viewpoint.**
• *c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring**
• *to sounds that remain the same in any language.**
• *d. autoplastic viewpoint.**

Answer 69

• *c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring**
• *to sounds that remain the same in any language**

Question 70

• *The statement, “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all**
• *nations, are more alike than different,” is based on the:**
• *a. emic viewpoint.**
• *b. alloplastic viewpoint.**
• *c. etic viewpoint.**
• *d. autoplastic viewpoint.**

Answer 70

c. etic viewpoint.

Question 71

• *2. A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native-American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians or Indian Americans on exams) are descendents of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native-American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and that there are nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the**
• *a. emic viewpoint.**
• *b. alloplastic viewpoint.**
• *c. etic viewpoint.**
• *d. autoplastic viewpoint.**

Answer 71

a. emic viewpoint.

Question 72

• *An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, “If**
• *you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You**
• *can change the system.” This is the _______ viewpoint for coping with the environment.**
• *a. emic viewpoint**
• *b. alloplastic viewpoint**
• *c. etic viewpoint**
• *d. autoplastic viewpoint.**

Answer 72

b. alloplastic viewpoint

This question is testing your knowledge of the autoplastic/alloplastic dilemma in intercultural helping. The “autoplastic” view
asserts that change comes from within, while the “alloplastic”
conceptualization is that the client can cope best by changing or
altering external factors in the environment (as alluded to in this
question). Memory devices, anyone?

Question 73

• *A young Hispanic male is obviously the victim of discrimination.His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested:**
• *a. an alloplastic method of coping.**
• *b. an autoplastic method of coping.**
• *c. the emic–etic distinction.**
• *d. the emic viewpoint.**

Answer 73

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

Consider the technique of “autosuggestion” or “autohypnosis,” or how about the act of writing an “autobiography?” In
each of the aforementioned cases, the person works to create
the project, solve the diffi culty, or, simply put, change the self. In
the “autoplastic” approach the counselor helps the client change
him- or herself

Question 74

• *African-American ghetto clients are generally:**
• *a. very open and honest with their feelings.**
• *b. the most amenable group in regard to psychotherapeutic**
• *intervention.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. not very open with their feelings.**

Answer 74

d. not very open with their feelings.

They are often taught not to trust the establishment. A lack of
trust usually results in a lack of openness and self-disclosure

Question 75

• *Positive transference is to love as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to**
• *a. anger.**
• *b. hate.**
• *c. uncertainty.**
• *d. admiration.**

Answer 75

c. uncertainty.

Question 76

• *The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means:**
• *a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological**
• *demands.**
• *b. the counselor must adjust to the client’s cultural mores.**
• *c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective.**
• *d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must**
• *adjust to environmental demands.**

Answer 76

• *a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological**
• *demands.**

Personalism implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills
rather than as a diseased patient

Question 77

• *A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply:**
• *a. too Rogerian.**
• *b. attacking the system.**
• *c. too Freudian.**
• *d. too cognitive.**

Answer 77

b. attacking the system.

Question 78

• *Good multicultural counselors are:**
• *a. flexible.**
• *b. rigid.**
• *c. utilize Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl’s**
• *Gestalt therapy and/or William Glasser’s reality therapy in**
• *nearly every case.**
• *d. generally behavioristic.**

Answer 78

a. flexible.

brand of therapy has its merits and its disadvantages: It is therefore best if the multicultural counselor remains fl exible

Question 79

• *A client remarks, “Hey, I’m Black and it’s nearly impossible to**
• *hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that:**
• *a. race is not the same as ethnicity.**
• *b. African Americans struggle when expressing feelings.**
• *c. a connotative impediment exists.**
• *d. severe ambivalent transference exists.**

Answer 79

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

The assumption here is that you can generally see racial differences since they are the result of genetics. If a client
really made this type of statement, the counselor might wish to
deal directly with the racial issue

Question 80

• *Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the**
• *counselor’s training:**
• *a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program.**
• *b. must come from a CACREP-approved graduate program.**
• *c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.**
• *d. need not include REBT.**

Answer 80

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Question 81

• *Doing cross-cultural counseling**
• *a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.**
• *b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of**
• *semantics.**
• *c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help**
• *after the fi rst session.**
• *d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.**

Answer 81

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Question 82

• *F. H. Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will:**
• *a. perform better if he or she is alone.**
• *b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.**
• *c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy.**
• *d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.**

Answer 82

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Question 83

• *In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that**
• *a. sleep learning facilitates social skills:**
• *b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but**
• *remembers the message.**
• *c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator**
• *but forgets the message.**
• *d. REM sleep facilitates insight.**

Answer 83

• *b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but**
• *remembers the message.**

the so-called sleeper effect asserts
that when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion the
change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange.
In other words, when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay may occur before the client accepts the message.
The communication may have more impact after some time has
passed.

Question 84

• *In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.**
• *a. Moreno and Yalom**
• *b. Holland and Roe**
• *c. Barber and Salter**
• *d. McDougall and Ross.**

Answer 84

d. McDougall and Ross.

William McDougall wrote Introduction to Social Psychology,
which expounded on his “hormic psychology” position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals. Edward Alsworth Ross authored Social
Psychology

Question 85

• *_______ is associated with obedience and authority.**
• *a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,**
• *b. Arthur Janov, who created Primal Scream therapy,**
• *c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer,**
• *d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy**
• *movement,**

Answer 85

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

Milgram discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command

Question 86

• *Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as:**
• *a. a peer.**
• *b. an equal.**
• *c. an individual from another culture.**
• *d. an authority figure.**

Answer 86

d. an authority figure.

Question 87

• *The tendency to affiliate with others:**
• *a. is highest in the middle child.**
• *b. is highest in dysthymics.**
• *c. is highest in firstborns and only children,**
• *d. is based on hormonal output.**

Answer 87

is highest in firstborns and only children,

Choice “c” correctly refl ects the landmark research of Stanley
Schachter, which concluded that the need to affiliate decreases
for later-born children.

Question 88

• *A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one**
• *of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an:**
• *a. approach–avoidance conflict.**
• *b. approach–approach conflict.**
• *c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.**
• *d. avoidance vector.**

Answer 88

b. approach–approach conflict.

the client can attempt both options:
first one, then the other. Moreover, approach–approach conflicts
typically instill less anxiety than the other two types.

Question 89

• *When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an**
• *a. approach–approach confl ict.**
• *b. approach vector.**
• *c. avoidance–avoidance confl ict.**
• *d. avoidance cohesiveness.**

Answer 89

c. avoidance–avoidance conflict.

• *When a client says, “I don’t know whether to pay the hefty fi ne or**
• *go to jail,” he is struggling with an avoidance–avoidance confl ict**
• *in which both choices are undesirable, to say the least**

Question 90

• *A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an:**
• *a. approach–avoidance confl ict.**
• *b. avoidance–avoidance confl ict.**
• *c. avoidance of life space.**
• *d. approach affi liation.**

Answer 90

a. approach–avoidance confl ict.

The approach–avoidance confl ict presents a positive factor (a
terrifi c-looking woman) with a negative factor (she is a substance
abuser prone to violent behavior) at the same time

Question 91

• *According to Charles Osgood and Percey Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if:**
• *a. the client likes the counselor.**
• *b. the client dislikes the counselor.**
• *c. the client distrusts the counselor.**
• *d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.**

Answer 91

a. the client likes the counselor.

Question 92

• *An adept (skilled) multicultural counselor:**
• *a. generally believes in the melting pot concept.**
• *b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview.**
• *c. will not ask the client for information related to religion**
• *or level of faith development.**
• *d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.**

Answer 92

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 93

• *A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at the boys’ summer camp near Robbers Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that:**
• *a. most people cooperate in a social setting.**
• *b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together,**
• *thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.**

Answer 93

• *d. a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together,**
• *thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.**

Question 94

• *Sex role stereotyping would imply that:**
• *a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client.**
• *b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional**
• *status differently than he would a male client’s.**
• *c. female clients are treated the same as male clients.**
• *d. choices a and b.**

Answer 94

d. choices a and b.

Question 95

The statement, “Whites are better than Blacks,” illustrates

a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.
b. racism.
c. sexism.
d. codependency.

Answer 95

b. racism.

Question 96

• *In terms of research related to affi liation:**
• *a. misery loves miserable company.**
• *b. fi rstborns are more likely to affi liate than other children**
• *born later.**
• *c. people affi liate in an attempt to lower fear.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 96

d. all of the above.

Question 97

• *Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, fi ve**
• *members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the**
• *group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other fi ve people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other fi ve that:**
• *a. he totally disagreed with their assessment.**
• *b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.**
• *c. he really wasn’t certain how he felt about the activity.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 97

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

. In one study Asch discovered that approximately
35% of the persons tested in a perceptual activity gave an answer
which was clearly incorrect in order to conform! Social researchers consistently have discovered that people will conform to an
obviously incorrect unanimous decision one third of the time.

Question 98

• *The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a:**
• *a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.**
• *b. 49-year-old Caucasian homeless male.**
• *c. 40-year-old divorced Caucasian female who is out of work**
• *and has three children.**
• *d. 19- year-old Hispanic mother on welfare with two children.**

Answer 98

a. 52-year-old single African-American male school administrator.

. Clients in higher social classes have more time to “look within
themselves” (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on
external survival needs

Question 99

• *A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying:**
• *a. severe negative transference.**
• *b. positive transference.**
• *c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.**
• *d. ambivalent transference.**

Answer 99

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.