Human Growth & Development Flashcards
1
Q
- *Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are**
- *a. psychometric.**
- *b. psychodiagnostic.**
- *c. psychopharmacological.**
- *d. psychosocial.**
A
d. psychosocial.
2
Q
- *In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an**
- *ego psychologist. Ego psychologists**
- *a. emphasize id processes.**
- *b. refute the concept of the superego.**
- *c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.**
- *d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.**
- *d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.**
A
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
the id is the bad boy of Freudian theory.
Erikson stressed ego functions. The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check.
The term superego in choice “b” refers to the
moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality.
3
Q
- *The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory**
- *which encompasses the entire life span was**
- *a. Erik Erikson.**
- *b. Milton H. Erickson.**
- *c. A. A. Brill.**
- *d. Jean Piaget.**
A
a. Erik Erikson.
psycho-social eight stages
4
Q
- *The statement, “the ego is dependent on the id,” would most**
- *likely reflect the work of**
- *a. Erik Erikson.**
- *b. Sigmund Freud.**
- *c. Jay Haley.**
- *d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.**
A
b. Sigmund Freud.
In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle
and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known
as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to
pleasure or gratifi cation regardless of consequences. In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle
and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known
as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to
pleasure or gratifi cation regardless of consequences. Erikson, an
ego psychologist, would not emphasize the role of the id, but
rather the power of control or the ego.
5
Q
- *Jean Piaget’s theory has four stages. The correct order from stage1 to stage 4 is:**
- *a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations,**
- *sensorimotor.**
- *b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations,**
- *sensorimotor.**
- *c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal**
- *operations.**
- *d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal**
- *operations.**
A
- *c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal**
- *operations.**
6
Q
- *Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as:**
- *a. he utilized the t test too frequently.**
- *b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors.**
- *c. he worked primarily with minority children.**
- *d. his findings were often derived from observing his own**
- *children.**
A
- *d. his findings were often derived from observing his own**
- *children.**
Piaget’s
research methods, though very innovative, could be classifi ed
as informal ones. He sometimes utilized games and interviews.
Who were his subjects? Well, often they were Lucienne, Lau-
rent, and Jaqueline: his own children. Some researchers have
been critical of his methods.
7
Q
- *A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty**
- *pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered**
- *a. symbolic schema.**
- *b. conservation.**
- *c. androgynous psychosocial issues.**
- *d. trust versus mistrust.**
A
b. conservation.
In Piaget’s theory the term conservation refers to the notion that
a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if
it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conser- vation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete op- erations stage (ages 7 to 11 years).
8
Q
- *In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to**
- *a. volume or mass:**
- *b. defenses of the ego.**
- *c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.**
- *d. a specifi c psychosexual stage of life.**
A
a. volume or mass:
(A good memory device
might be MV, such as in most valuable player. The “M,” or mass,
will come fi rst and the “V,” or volume, will be the fi nal letter. The
“W,” or weight, can be squeezed in-between.)
9
Q
- *A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as**
- *a. formal operations—12 years and older.**
- *b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.**
- *c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.**
- *d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.**
A
c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.
Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c”
and so does concrete operations.
10
Q
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
- *a. Erik Erikson**
- *b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky**
- *c. Lawrence Kohlberg**
- *d. John B. Watson**
A
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
Kohlberg, the correct answer, is
perhaps the leading theorist in moral development.
11
Q
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility
- *in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete op-**
- *erational thought. This notion suggests**
- *a. that heavier objects are more diffi cult for a child to lift.**
- *b. the child is ambidextrous.**
- *c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.**
- *d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its**
- *initial shape.**
A
- *d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its**
- *initial shape.**
12
Q
- *During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of**
- *preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following**
- *me.” This is an example of:**
- *a. egocentrism.**
- *b. conservation.**
- *c. centration.**
- *d. abstract thought.**
A
a. egocentrism.
By egocentrism, Piaget was
not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocen-
trism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from
the vantage point of someone else.
13
Q
- *Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:**
- *a. a single level of morality.**
- *b. two levels of morality.**
- *c. three levels of morality.**
- *d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.**
A
c. three levels of morality.
Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the
Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional level
which is referred to in some texts as the Personal Integrity or
Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level.
14
Q
- *The Heinz story is to Kohlberg’s theory as**
- *a. a brick is to a house.**
- *b. Freud is to Jung.**
- *c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.**
- *d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.**
A
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
And, oh yes,
before you go out and have a good cry, let me emphasize that the
story of Heinz is fi ctional and simply used as a research tool.
15
Q
- *The term identity crisis comes from the work of**
- *a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.**
- *b. Erikson.**
- *c. Adler.**
- *d. Jung.**
A
c. Adler.
Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology,
which stresses the inferiority complex.
16
Q
- *Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are**
- *a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.**
- *b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.**
- *c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.**
- *d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.**
A
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences.
In this stage reward and punishment greatly infl uence the be-
havior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the
standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg
felt that many people never reach the fi nal level of postconven-
tional or self-accepted morality.
17
Q
- *Trust versus mistrust is:**
- *a. an Adlerian notion of morality.**
- *b. Erik Erikson’s fi rst stage of psychosocial development.**
- *c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.**
- *d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.**
A
b. Erik Erikson’s fi rst stage of psychosocial development.
18
Q
- *A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s fi rst seven**
- *stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s fi nal or eighth stage,**
- *a. generativity versus stagnation.**
- *b. initiative versus guilt.**
- *c. identity crisis of the later years.**
- *d. integrity versus despair.**
A
d. integrity versus despair.
An individual who has successfully mastered all
the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her
life has been worthwhile.
19
Q
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
- *a. psychosexual urges.**
- *b. consequences.**
- *c. periodic fugue states.**
- *d. counterconditioning.**
A
b. consequences.
In the consequences stage (called premoral), an M&M or a slap
on the behind is more important than societal expectations and
the law.
20
Q
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
- *a. psychosexual urges.**
- *b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.**
- *c. a desire to conform.**
d. b and c.
A
d. b and c.
At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to
the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
Kohlberg felt that attempts to upgrade the morals of our youth
have failed and he has referred to some character-building edu-
cation programs as “Mickey Mouse stuff!”
21
Q
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional
morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.
A
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
22
Q
- *According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or**
- *self-accepted moral principles,**
- *a. refers to the Naive Hedonism stage.**
- *b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.**
- *c. a and b.**
- *d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people**
- *never reach this level.**
A
- *d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people**
- *never reach this level.**
23
Q
- *The zone of proximal development**
- *a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.**
- *b. was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg.**
- *c. emphasized organ inferiority.**
- *d. a, b, and c.**
A
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
The zone of proximal development describes the differ-
ence between a child’s performance without a teacher
versus that which he or she is capable of with an instruc-
tor.
24
Q
- *Freud and Erikson**
- *a. could be classifi ed as behaviorists.**
- *b. could be classifi ed as maturationists.**
- *c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.**
- *d. were prime movers in the biofeedback movement.**
A
b. could be classifi ed as maturationists.
In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hy-
pothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that
behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that cer-
tain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary
stimuli are present in the environment.
25
**John Bowlby’s name is most closely associated with**
* *a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell,**
* *a maturationist.**
* *b. developmental stage theories.**
* *c. bonding and attachment.**
* *d. the unconscious mind.**
**c. bonding and attachment.**
26
* *In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?**
* *a. generativity versus stagnation**
* *b. integrity versus despair**
* *c. a and b**
* *d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues**
**a. generativity versus stagnation**
Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between
ages 35 and 45 for men and about fi ve years earlier for women,
when the individual realizes his or her life is half over. Persons
often need to face the fact that they have not achieved their
goals or aspirations. Incidentally, the word generativity refers to
the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s
self and being concerned with other people.
27
* *The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal**
* *deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is**
* *a. Harry Harlow.**
* *b. John Bowlby.**
* *c. Lawrence Kohlberg.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**a. Harry Harlow.**
Harlow believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not
one which is learned. Monkeys placed in isolation developed
autistic abnormal behavior. When these monkeys were placed
in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of the
dysfunctional behavior was noted.
28
* *The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is**
* *a. false.**
* *b. true due to a genetic fl aw commonly found in women.**
* *c. true only in middle-aged men.**
* *d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.**
**d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.**
Maccoby and Jacklin reviewed the literature and found very few
differences that could be attributed to genetics and biological
factors. The superiority of males in the area of mathematics,
however, was not signifi cant until high school or perhaps col-
lege.
29
* *The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life**
* *with another person is**
* *a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages.**
* *b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35 to 60.**
* *c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.**
* *d. a critical factor Erikson fails to mention.**
**c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.**
30
* *We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these in-**
* *dividuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?**
* *a. a 19-year-old male college student.**
* *b. 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band.**
* *c. a 57-year old female stockbroker.**
* *d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.**
**d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.**
Conformity seems to peak in the early teens.
31
* *In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys**
* *a. a wire mother was favored by most young monkeys over a**
* *terry cloth version.**
* *b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth**
* *mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.**
* *c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities**
* *of alcohol.**
* *d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of**
* *alcohol.**
* *b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth**
* *mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.**
32
* *Freud postulated psychosexual stages:**
* *a. id, ego, and superego.**
* *b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
* *c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego.**
* *d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.**
**b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
33
* *In adolescence**
* *a. females commit suicide more than males.**
* *b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.**
* *c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious.**
* *d. males commit suicide more often than females, but fe-**
* *males attempt suicide more often.**
* *d. males commit suicide more often than females, but fe-**
* *males attempt suicide more often.**
## Footnote
Males commit suicide more often than females. This an-
swer would apply not just to adolescence but to nearly all
age brackets.
34
* *In the general population**
* *a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000.**
* *b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode,**
* *but rarely after the depression lifts.**
* *c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.**
## Footnote
**d. b and c.**
**c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.**
35
* *The fear of death:**
* *a. is greatest during middle age.**
* *b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon.**
* *c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric**
* *years.**
## Footnote
**d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.**
**a. is greatest during middle age.**
In Erikson’s stages the individual would accept the fi nality of life
better during the fi nal state than in the middle age years.
36
* *In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor**
* *a. in the preconscious mind.**
* *b. in the mind of the child in latency.**
* *c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.**
* *d. a and b.**
**c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.**
This would make sense from a logical standpoint, because the
oral stage is the fi rst Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs
while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to
one year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well
as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place
early in life.
37
* *When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that**
* *a. girls grow up to smile more.**
* *b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2.**
* *c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at**
* *any age.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**d. all of the above.**
Boys on the other hand are more physically active and aggres-
sive, probably due to androgen hormones. Boys also seem to
possess better visual–perceptual skills.
38
* *The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes**
* *sexuality is**
* *a. oral.**
* *b. anal.**
* *c. phallic.**
* *d. latency.**
**d. latency.**
## Footnote
Latency is the only Freudian
developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in na-
ture. It occurs roughly between ages 6 and 12.
39
* *In terms of parenting young children**
* *a. boys are punished more than girls.**
* *b. girls are punished more than boys.**
* *c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion.**
* *d. boys show more caregiver behavior.**
**a. boys are punished more than girls.**
40
* *When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they**
* *really mean**
* *a. how much heredity or environment interact to infl uence**
* *development.**
* *b. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes.**
* *c. a and b.**
* *d. a theory proposed by Skinner’s colleagues.**
* *a. how much heredity or environment interact to infl uence**
* *development.**
41
* *Stage theorists assume**
* *a. qualitative changes between stages occur.**
* *b. differences surely exist but usually can’t be measured.**
* *c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly**
* *supports the stage viewpoint.**
* *d. b and c.**
**a. qualitative changes between stages occur.**
42
* *Development**
* *a. begins at birth.**
* *b. begins during the fi rst trimester of pregnancy.**
* *c. is a continuous process which begins at conception.**
* *d. a and c.**
**c. is a continuous process which begins at conception.**
43
* *Development is cephalocaudal, which means**
* *a. foot to head.**
* *b. head to foot.**
* *c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment.**
* *d. b and c.**
**b. head to foot.**
The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalo-
caudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and
tail.
44
**Heredity**
* *a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromo-**
* *somes.**
* *b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by**
* *chromosomes.**
* *c. assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**d. all of the above.**
45
* *Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage**
* *a. abstract thinking emerges.**
* *b. problems can be solved using deduction.**
* *c. a and b.**
* *d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels**
* *helpless.**
**c. a and b.**
46
* *Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall**
* *into _______ levels.**
* *a. 6, 3**
* *b. 6, 6**
* *c. 3, 6**
* *d. 3, 3**
**a. 6, 3**
Preconventional Level with **Stage 1, Punishment/Obedience Orientation**, and S**tage 2, Naive Hedonism** (also called instrumental oregotistic) Orientation. The entire fi rst level is sometimes called
the “premoral level.” Conventional Level with **Stage 3, Good**
**Boy/Good Girl Orientation**, and S**tage 4, Authority, Law, and**
**Order Orientation.** This entire level is often known as “morality
of conventional rules and conformity.” Postconventional Level
with **Stage 5, Democratically Accepted Law or “Social Contrac**t”
and **Stage 6, Principles of Self-Conscience and Universal Ethics.**
The last level is sometimes termed the “morality of self-accepted
principles level.”
47
* *A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and uni-**
* *versal ethical principles:**
* *a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of**
* *moral development.**
* *b. is in the preconventional level.**
* *c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral**
* *principles.**
* *d. a and c.**
**d. a and c.**
48
* *Freud’s Oedipus Complex**
* *a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the**
* *opposite-sex parent occurs.**
* *b. occurs during the phallic stage.**
* *c. a and b.**
* *d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.**
**c. a and b.**
49
* *In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as**
* *a. systematic desensitization.**
* *b. covert desensitization.**
* *c. in vivo desensitization.**
* *d. the Electra complex.**
**d. the Electra complex.**
50
* *The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:**
* *a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
* *b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency.**
* *c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal.**
* *d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.**
**a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
51
* *Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children**
* *by utilizing**
* *a. Piaget’s concept of conservation.**
* *b. Erik Erikson’s trust versus mistrust paradigm.**
* *c. Piaget’s formal operations.**
* *d. a visual cliff.**
**d. a visual cliff.**
The visual cliff is a device which utilizes a glass sheet which
simulates a drop-off. Interestingly enough, infants will not at-
tempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth percep-
tion in humans is inherent (i.e., an inborn or so-called innate
trait). By approximately eight months of age the child begins to
show stranger anxiety, meaning that he or she can discriminate a
familiar person from a person who is unknown.
52
**Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as**
* *a. organismic theorists.**
* *b. statistical developmentalists.**
* *c. empiricists.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**c. empiricists.**
The word empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience. This philosophy adheres to the principle that experience is the source for acquiring knowledge. Remember that empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of behaviorism and you could pick up a point on the test you’ll be taking.
53
* *An empiricist view of development would be**
* *a. psychometric.**
* *b. behavioristic.**
* *c. against the use of formal statistical testing.**
* *d. a and c.**
**b. behavioristic.**
Here again, the **empiricist view is behavioristic.**
behavioristic empiricist researchers value statistical
studies and emphasize the role of the environment.
54
* *In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers:**
* *a. showed marked borderline personality traits.**
* *b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly.**
* *c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion.**
## Footnote
**d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.**
**d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.**
55
* *A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is**
* *said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?**
* *a. behaviorism**
* *b. organicism**
* *c. statistical developmentalism**
* *d. all of the above**
**b. organicism**
## Footnote
The term organismic also has been used to describe Gestalt
psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, who emphasize a holistic
model.
56
* *In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the:**
* *a. sensorimotor stage.**
* *b. formal operational stage.**
* *c. preoperational stage.**
* *d. acquisition of conservation.**
**a. sensorimotor stage.**
57
* *A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered**
* *a. object permanence.**
* *b. reflexive response.**
* *c. representational thought.**
* *d. a and c.**
**d. a and c.**
## Footnote
The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a vic-
tim of “out of sight, out of mind.” The child, needless to say,
needs representational thought to master object permanence,
which is also called object constancy.
58
* *The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in**
* *the:**
* *a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.**
* *b. preoperational stage—2 to 7 years.**
* *c. concrete operational stage—7 to 12 years.**
* *d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.**
**a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.**
Incidentally, around the second month of age
the child begins to smile in response to a face or a mask that
resembles a face.
59
* *John Bowlby has asserted that:**
* *a. attachment is not instinctual.**
* *b. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle.**
* *c. a and b.**
* *d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology**
* *can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in**
* *early childhood.**
* *d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology**
* *can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in**
* *early childhood.**
60
* *The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that**
* *animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life:**
* *a. still developed in a normal fashion.**
* *b. still related very well with animals reared normally.**
* *c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic.**
* *d. were fi xated in concrete operational thought patterns.**
**c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic.**
61
* *According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized,**
* *he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.**
* *a. skip**
* *b. become fixated at**
* *c. ignore**
* *d. a and c**
**b. become fixated at**
Here is a must-know term for any major exam. In psychoanalytic
theory the word fi xation implies that the individual is unable to
go from one developmental stage to the next. The person liter-
a**lly becomes stuck (or fi xated) in a stage where he or she feels**
**safe**. Therefore, when life becomes too traumatic, emotional de-
velopment can come to a screeching halt, although physical and
cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace.
62
* *An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence**
* *would conclude that**
* *a. watching violence tends to make children more aggres-**
* *sive.**
* *b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive.**
* *c. in reality TV has no impact on a child’s behavior.**
* *d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring.**
* *a. watching violence tends to make children more aggres-**
* *sive.**
63
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
a. behavior results from unconscious aggression.
b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than
men.
c. a and b.
d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a
given species.
* *d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a**
* *given species.**
64
* *The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of**
* *Konrad Lorenz, refers to**
* *a. Piaget’s famous case study methodology.**
**b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.**
* *c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.**
The study of ethology was developed by European zoologists
who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory. Today,
when counselors refer to ethology, it concerns fi eld research uti-
lizing animals
65
**A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of**
* *a. egocentrism.**
* *b. centration.**
* *c. formal abstract reasoning.**
* *d. deductive processes.**
**b. centration.**
## Footnote
Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is character-
ized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not
noticing the rest of it.
66
* *Piaget felt**
* *a. homework depresses the elementary child’s IQ.**
* *b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser’s concepts in**
* *Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all**
* *elementary settings.**
* *c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours**
* *daily.**
* *d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete op-**
* *erations learn best via their own actions and experimenta-**
* *tion.**
* *d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete op-**
* *erations learn best via their own actions and experimenta-**
* *tion.**
67
* *Piaget’s preoperational stage:**
* *a. is the fi nal stage, which includes abstract reasoning.**
* *b. includes mastering conservation.**
* *c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.**
* *d. all of the above.**
**c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.**
Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in
play to occur. A milk carton can easily become a spaceship or a
pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile. The
preoperational stage occurs from age 2 to 7. If you erroneously
felt any of the other choices were correct review all the previous
questions related to Piagetian theory.
68
* *Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that:**
* *a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before**
* *an individual could move on to the next stage.**
* *b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual.**
* *c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial.**
* *d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower**
* *stage is unsolved.**
* *a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before**
* *an individual could move on to the next stage.**
69
* *The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by**
* *a. the principle of negative reinforcement.**
* *b. sex role socialization.**
* *c. Konrad Lorenz’s studies on imprinting.**
* *d. ethological data.**
**b. sex role socialization.**
70
* *The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of**
* *a. Freud.**
* *b. Adler on birth order.**
* *c. Erikson.**
* *d. Bowlby.**
**d. Bowlby.**
## Footnote
* *In psychoanalysis the term object describes the target of one’s**
* *love. Bowlby felt that if the child was unable to bond with an**
* *adult by age 3 he or she would be incapable of having normal**
* *social relationships as an adult.**
71
* *A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing**
* *well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that:**
* *a. in general, boys have better verbal skills than girls.**
* *b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys.**
* *c. in general, boys possess better visual–perceptual skills**
* *and are more active and aggressive than girls.**
* *d. b and c.**
**d. b and c.**
72
**Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family**
**counseling session. The term that best describes the phenom- enon is**
* *a. the primal scene.**
* *b. preconscious psychic processes.**
* *c. sibling rivalry.**
* *d. BASIC-ID.**
**c. sibling rivalry.**
In counseling, sibling rivalry refers to competition between sib-
lings (i.e., a brother and a brother, a brother and a sister, or a
sister and a sister). The “primal scene” noted in choice “a” is
a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child wit-
nesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a
parent.
73
**A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic.**
* *This means the child attributes human characteristics to inani-**
* *mate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile**
* *or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to**
* *a. Carl Jung’s concepts of anima, animus.**
* *b. Freud’s wish fulfillment.**
* *c. Piaget’s preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.**
* *d. ego identity.**
**c. Piaget’s preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.**
Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have
lifelike abilities and tendencies.
74
* *Elementary school counseling and guidance services**
* *a. have been popular since the early 1900s:**
* *b. became popular during World War II.**
* *c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain**
* *momentum until the 1960s.**
* *d. none of the above.**
Three key
reasons have been cited for the slow development of el-
* *c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain**
* *momentum until the 1960s.**
Secondary school
counseling services increased rapidly in the 1960s. Now let’s
turn our attention to elementary school counseling. Three key
reasons have been cited for the slow development of el-
ementary school counseling.
. First, the majority of people
believed that schoolteachers could double as counsel-
ors. Second, counseling was conceptualized as focusing
on vocational issues. This would not be a primary issue
in the elementary years. Finally, secondary schools uti-
lized social workers and psychologists who would inter-
vene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child
got older.
75
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don’t seem to
have an impact on youngsters’ lives.
b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in
children’s lives, and more counselors should be em-
ployed.
c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would en-
gage in more consultation work.
d. should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not
happening in most districts.
**b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in**
* *children’s lives, and more counselors should be em-**
* *ployed.**
76
* *According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson**
* *a. Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation stage simply**
* *doesn’t exist.**
* *b. Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced mod-**
* *erate to severe midlife crises.**
* *c. an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon**
* *be too late to make later changes.**
* *d. b and c.**
**d. b and c.**
## Footnote
Levinson and his colleagues were surprised to discover that
adult developmental transitions in white-collar and blue-collar
men seemed to be relatively universal. Sheehy has pointed out
that both men and women tend to experience typical crises, or
so-called “passages,” and each passage can be utilized to reach
one’s potential.
77
* *Erikson’s middle age stage (ages 35–60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to**
* *a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family.**
* *b. the opposite of stagnation.**
* *c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and lei-**
* *sure time.**
**d. all of the above.**
**d. all of the above.**
78
* *A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets**
* *feels**
* *a. the burden of senile psychosis.**
* *b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.**
* *c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life’s**
* *precious opportunities.**
* *d. the burden of generalized anxiety as described in the Di-**
* *agnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, pub-**
* *lished by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM).**
**b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.**
According to Erikson, successful resolution of this stage re-
sults in the belief that one’s life served a purpose.
79
* *Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is**
* *to Erikson.**
* *a. integrity versus despair**
* *b. Kohlberg**
* *c. trust versus mistrust**
* *d. play therapy**
**c. trust versus mistrust**
80
* *Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?**
* *a. A. Lazarus**
* *b. H. Harlow**
* *c. J. Wolpe**
* *d. A. Ellis**
**b. H. Harlow**
Harry Harlow was born in 1905 and died in 1981. He is best
known for his work with rhesus monkeys at the University of
Wisconsin.
81
**When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client**
* *a. has “learned helplessness” syndrome.**
* *b. suffers from a phobia.**
* *c. suffers from fixation.**
* *d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.**
**c. suffers from fixation.**
## Footnote
This is primarily an analytic concept. Freud felt that frustration
and anxiety are normal when passing through a developmental
stage, but when they become too powerful emotional growth will
literally stop and the person becomes stuck (fi xated) in the cur-
rent stage.
82
* *Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other**
* *hand, felt morality developed from the**
* *a. superego.**
* *b. ego.**
* *c. id.**
* *d. eros.**
**a. superego.**
Eric Berne, the father of Transactional Analysis, put Freudian
lingo in everyday language and spoke of the Parent ego state,
which is roughly equivalent to the superego. The Parent ego
state is fi lled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often
guide our morality.
83
* *_Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?_**
* *_a. Carl Rogers_**
* *_b. B. F. Skinner_**
* *_c. Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance_**
* *_d. Konrad Lorenz_**
**_d. Konrad Lorenz_**
Bad news, folks; Konrad Lorenz compared us to the wolf or
the baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive. Ac-
cording to Lorenz, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and
was necessary for survival. The solution according to Lorenz is
for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods
such as competitive sports.
84
* *The statement, “Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not,” is most closely associated with**
* *a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.**
* *b. Kohlberg’s conventional level.**
* *c. the work of Carl Jung.**
* *d. Piaget’s autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8.**
**a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.**
the initial stage, morality is guided by a fear of punishment.
85
* *A critical period:**
* *a. makes imprinting possible.**
* *b. emphasizes manifest dream content.**
* *c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned**
* *or the behavior won’t be learned at all.**
* *d. a and c.**
**d. a and c.**
A critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to a
specifi c developmental process. A critical period marks the im-
portance of and environment on development. In hu-
mans, for example, language acquisition is thought to begin at
around age 2 and ends at about age 14.
86
* *Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by**
* *a. Erik Erikson.**
* *b. Milton H. Erickson.**
* *c. Konrad Lorenz.**
* *d. Harry Harlow.**
**c. Konrad Lorenz.**
Some behavioral scientists refer to instinctual behavior as “spe-
cies-specifi c,” meaning that the behavioral trait occurs in every
member of the species. The behavior is unlearned and univer-
sal.
87
* *Marital satisfaction**
* *a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave**
* *home.**
* *b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a**
* *child leaving home.**
* *c. correlates high with performance IQ.**
## Footnote
**d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children.**
* *b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a**
* *child leaving home**
Despite a divorce rate of nearly 50% in the United States, most
Americans still desire to marry.
88
**Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates:**
* *a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or-**
* *der needs, such as self-actualization.**
* *b. that psychopathology rests within the id.**
* *c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization.**
* *d. that stimulus-response psychology dictates behavioral at-**
* *tributes.**
* *a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or-**
* *der needs, such as self-actualization.**
Maslow felt the person fi rst needs to satisfy
immediate or basic needs such as food and water. Next, safety
and security must be dealt with. Next, a need for love, affection,
and belonging emerges. The highest level is termed self-actu-
alization, meaning the person becomes all he or she can be. A
word to the wise: Some tests may refer to higher-order needs
(i.e., any need which is not physiological) as “metaneeds.”
89
* *To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow**
* *a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz.**
* *b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics.**
* *c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential set-**
* *tings.**
* *d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped**
* *“the psychology of the average.”**
* *d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped**
* *“the psychology of the average.”**
Imagine trying to learn
about self-actualization from studying baby goslings! No,
Maslow didn’t utilize goslings, nor did he turn to persons with
severe psychological problems. Maslow said if you research the
“psychopathology of the average” you will have a sick theory of
human behavior! The answer: work with those who have tran-
scended the so-called average or normal existence.
90
* *Piaget is**
* *a. a maturationist.**
* *b. a behaviorist.**
* *c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.**
* *d. cognitive-behavioral.**
**c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.**
According to the structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of
making sense out of the world.
91
* *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation.**
* *a. Environmental**
* *b. Genetic**
* *c. Chemical dependency**
* *d. Unconscious**
**b. Genetic**
Persons with Down syndrome have a rather fl at face, a thick
tongue, and slanted eyes. Down syndrome, which is the result of
a chromosomal abnormality (an additional chromosome or two),
causes brain damage which results in an IQ of 50 or less (100
is normal).
92
* *Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modifi cation of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called**
* *a. counterbalancing.**
* *b. equilibration.**
* *c. balance theory.**
* *d. ABA design.**
**b. equilibration.**
B is the treatment. After the
treatment is implemented the occurrence of A (the behavior in
question) is measured to see if a change is evident.
93
* *There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of**
* *development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant**
**growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:**
* *a. conduct therapy in the here-and-now.**
* *b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior.**
* *c. believe group work is most effective.**
* *d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.**
**d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.**
Counselors of this persuasion allow the client to work through
the old painful material. Theoretically, the counselor acts almost
like a perfect nonjudgmental parent. And thus the client can ex-
plore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship. Psycho-
analysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category.
94
* *Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a**
* *species, are known as**
* *a. hysteria.**
* *b. pica.**
* *c. fied-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.**
* *d. dysfunctional repetition.**
**c. fied-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.**
, a fi xed-action pattern (abbreviated FAP) will re-
sult whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The ac-
tion, or sequence of behavior, will not vary.
95
* *_Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling_**
* *_in which:_**
* *_a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an_**
* *_encounter group._**
* *_b. biofeedback training is highly recommended._**
* *_c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can_**
* *_fi nd new direction._**
* *_d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged._**
* *c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can**
* *fi nd new direction.**
96
**Most experts in the field of counseling agree that:**
* *a. no one theory completely explains developmental pro-**
* *cesses; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the**
**major theories.**
* *b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practic-**
* *ing virtually any modality.**
**c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget’s stages into his or**
* *her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of ri-**
* *val therapeutic viewpoints.**
**d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental**
* *theory in the same manner he or she picks a psychothera-**
* *peutic persuasion.**
* *a. no one theory completely explains developmental pro-**
* *cesses; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the**
## Footnote
**major theories.**
97
* *Equilibration is:**
* *a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes.**
* *b. performed via the id according to the Freudians.**
* *c. a synonym for concrete operational thought.**
* *d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and**
* *that which is changed (accommodation).**
* *d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and**
* *that which is changed (accommodation).**
98
* *A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on**
* *a. Maslow’s higher-order needs, such as self-actualization.**
* *b. building accurate empathy of family members.**
* *c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and**
* *safety needs.**
* *d. The identified patient.**
* *c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and**
* *safety needs.**
## Footnote
Maslow, a pioneer in third force or humanistic psychology, sug-
gested the following hierarchy of needs: survival, security, safety,
love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The assumption is that
lower-order needs must be fulfi lled before the individual can be
concerned with higher-order needs.
99
* *The anal retentive personality is**
* *a. charitable.**
* *b. stingy.**
* *c. kind.**
* *d. thinks very little about money matters.**
**b. stingy.**
put it bluntly, the anal retentive character is said to be
cheap!
100
* *From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with**
* *alcoholism and excessive smoking would be**
* *a. considered an oral character.**
* *b. considered an anal character.**
* *c. considered a genital character.**
* *d. fixated at the latency stage.**
**a. considered an oral character.**
Here is where good old common sense comes in handy. The oral
region of the body (i.e., the mouth) would be the portion of the
body most closely related to smoking and alcoholism.
