Human Growth & Development

Question 1

• *Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are**
• *a. psychometric.**
• *b. psychodiagnostic.**
• *c. psychopharmacological.**
• *d. psychosocial.**

Answer 1

d. psychosocial.

Question 2

• *In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an**
• *ego psychologist. Ego psychologists**
• *a. emphasize id processes.**
• *b. refute the concept of the superego.**
• *c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.**
• *d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.**
• *d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.**

Answer 2

c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.

the id is the bad boy of Freudian theory.

Erikson stressed ego functions. The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check.

The term superego in choice “b” refers to the

moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality.

Question 3

• *The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory**
• *which encompasses the entire life span was**
• *a. Erik Erikson.**
• *b. Milton H. Erickson.**
• *c. A. A. Brill.**
• *d. Jean Piaget.**

Answer 3

a. Erik Erikson.

psycho-social eight stages

Question 4

• *The statement, “the ego is dependent on the id,” would most**
• *likely reflect the work of**
• *a. Erik Erikson.**
• *b. Sigmund Freud.**
• *c. Jay Haley.**
• *d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.**

Answer 4

b. Sigmund Freud.

In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle
and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known
as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to
pleasure or gratifi cation regardless of consequences. In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle
and houses the animalistic instincts. The ego, which is known
as the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to
pleasure or gratifi cation regardless of consequences. Erikson, an
ego psychologist, would not emphasize the role of the id, but
rather the power of control or the ego.

Question 5

• *Jean Piaget’s theory has four stages. The correct order from stage1 to stage 4 is:**
• *a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations,**
• *sensorimotor.**
• *b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations,**
• *sensorimotor.**
• *c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal**
• *operations.**
• *d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal**
• *operations.**

Answer 5

• *c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal**
• *operations.**

Question 6

• *Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as:**
• *a. he utilized the t test too frequently.**
• *b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors.**
• *c. he worked primarily with minority children.**
• *d. his findings were often derived from observing his own**
• *children.**

Answer 6

• *d. his findings were often derived from observing his own**
• *children.**

Piaget’s
research methods, though very innovative, could be classifi ed
as informal ones. He sometimes utilized games and interviews.

Who were his subjects? Well, often they were Lucienne, Lau-
rent, and Jaqueline: his own children. Some researchers have

been critical of his methods.

Question 7

• *A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty**
• *pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered**
• *a. symbolic schema.**
• *b. conservation.**
• *c. androgynous psychosocial issues.**
• *d. trust versus mistrust.**

Answer 7

b. conservation.

In Piaget’s theory the term conservation refers to the notion that
a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if

it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conser-
vation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete op-
erations stage (ages 7 to 11 years).

Question 8

• *In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to**
• *a. volume or mass:**
• *b. defenses of the ego.**
• *c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.**
• *d. a specifi c psychosexual stage of life.**

Answer 8

a. volume or mass:

(A good memory device

might be MV, such as in most valuable player. The “M,” or mass,
will come fi rst and the “V,” or volume, will be the fi nal letter. The
“W,” or weight, can be squeezed in-between.)

Question 9

• *A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as**
• *a. formal operations—12 years and older.**
• *b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.**
• *c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.**
• *d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.**

Answer 9

c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.

Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c”

and so does concrete operations.

Question 10

_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

• *a. Erik Erikson**
• *b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky**
• *c. Lawrence Kohlberg**
• *d. John B. Watson**

Answer 10

c. Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg, the correct answer, is

perhaps the leading theorist in moral development.

Question 11

According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility

• *in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete op-**
• *erational thought. This notion suggests**
• *a. that heavier objects are more diffi cult for a child to lift.**
• *b. the child is ambidextrous.**
• *c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.**
• *d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its**
• *initial shape.**

Answer 11

• *d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its**
• *initial shape.**

Question 12

• *During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of**
• *preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following**
• *me.” This is an example of:**
• *a. egocentrism.**
• *b. conservation.**
• *c. centration.**
• *d. abstract thought.**

Answer 12

a. egocentrism.

By egocentrism, Piaget was

not really implying the child is self-centered. Instead, egocen-
trism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from

the vantage point of someone else.

Question 13

• *Lawrence Kohlberg suggested:**
• *a. a single level of morality.**
• *b. two levels of morality.**
• *c. three levels of morality.**
• *d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.**

Answer 13

c. three levels of morality.

Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the
Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional level
which is referred to in some texts as the Personal Integrity or
Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level.

Question 14

• *The Heinz story is to Kohlberg’s theory as**
• *a. a brick is to a house.**
• *b. Freud is to Jung.**
• *c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.**
• *d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.**

Answer 14

d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

And, oh yes,
before you go out and have a good cry, let me emphasize that the
story of Heinz is fi ctional and simply used as a research tool.

Question 15

• *The term identity crisis comes from the work of**
• *a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.**
• *b. Erikson.**
• *c. Adler.**
• *d. Jung.**

Answer 15

c. Adler.

Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology,
which stresses the inferiority complex.

Question 16

• *Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are**
• *a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.**
• *b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.**
• *c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.**
• *d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.**

Answer 16

a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences.

In this stage reward and punishment greatly infl uence the be-
havior. In the conventional level the individual wants to meet the

standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Kohlberg

felt that many people never reach the fi nal level of postconven-
tional or self-accepted morality.

Question 17

• *Trust versus mistrust is:**
• *a. an Adlerian notion of morality.**
• *b. Erik Erikson’s fi rst stage of psychosocial development.**
• *c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.**
• *d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.**

Answer 17

b. Erik Erikson’s fi rst stage of psychosocial development.

Question 18

• *A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s fi rst seven**
• *stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s fi nal or eighth stage,**
• *a. generativity versus stagnation.**
• *b. initiative versus guilt.**
• *c. identity crisis of the later years.**
• *d. integrity versus despair.**

Answer 18

d. integrity versus despair.

An individual who has successfully mastered all
the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her
life has been worthwhile.

Question 19

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

• *a. psychosexual urges.**
• *b. consequences.**
• *c. periodic fugue states.**
• *d. counterconditioning.**

Answer 19

b. consequences.

In the consequences stage (called premoral), an M&M or a slap
on the behind is more important than societal expectations and
the law.

Question 20

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

• *a. psychosexual urges.**
• *b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.**
• *c. a desire to conform.**

d. b and c.

Answer 20

d. b and c.

At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to
the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail.
Kohlberg felt that attempts to upgrade the morals of our youth

have failed and he has referred to some character-building edu-
cation programs as “Mickey Mouse stuff!”

Question 21

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional

morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.

d. a and b.

Answer 21

c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.

Question 22

• *According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or**
• *self-accepted moral principles,**
• *a. refers to the Naive Hedonism stage.**
• *b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people**
• *never reach this level.**

Answer 22

• *d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people**
• *never reach this level.**

Question 23

• *The zone of proximal development**
• *a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.**
• *b. was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg.**
• *c. emphasized organ inferiority.**
• *d. a, b, and c.**

Answer 23

a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.

The zone of proximal development describes the differ-
ence between a child’s performance without a teacher

versus that which he or she is capable of with an instruc-
tor.

Question 24

• *Freud and Erikson**
• *a. could be classifi ed as behaviorists.**
• *b. could be classifi ed as maturationists.**
• *c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.**
• *d. were prime movers in the biofeedback movement.**

Answer 24

b. could be classifi ed as maturationists.

In the behavioral sciences, the concept of the maturation hy-
pothesis (also known as the maturation theory) suggests that

behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that cer-
tain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary

stimuli are present in the environment.

Question 25

John Bowlby’s name is most closely associated with

• *a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell,**
• *a maturationist.**
• *b. developmental stage theories.**
• *c. bonding and attachment.**
• *d. the unconscious mind.**

Answer 25

c. bonding and attachment.

Question 26

• *In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?**
• *a. generativity versus stagnation**
• *b. integrity versus despair**
• *c. a and b**
• *d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues**

Answer 26

a. generativity versus stagnation

Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between
ages 35 and 45 for men and about fi ve years earlier for women,
when the individual realizes his or her life is half over. Persons
often need to face the fact that they have not achieved their
goals or aspirations. Incidentally, the word generativity refers to
the ability to be productive and happy by looking outside one’s
self and being concerned with other people.

Question 27

• *The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal**
• *deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is**
• *a. Harry Harlow.**
• *b. John Bowlby.**
• *c. Lawrence Kohlberg.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 27

a. Harry Harlow.

Harlow believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not

one which is learned. Monkeys placed in isolation developed
autistic abnormal behavior. When these monkeys were placed
in cages with normally reared monkeys some remission of the
dysfunctional behavior was noted.

Question 28

• *The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is**
• *a. false.**
• *b. true due to a genetic fl aw commonly found in women.**
• *c. true only in middle-aged men.**
• *d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.**

Answer 28

d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.

Maccoby and Jacklin reviewed the literature and found very few
differences that could be attributed to genetics and biological
factors. The superiority of males in the area of mathematics,

however, was not signifi cant until high school or perhaps col-
lege.

Question 29

• *The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life**
• *with another person is**
• *a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages.**
• *b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35 to 60.**
• *c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.**
• *d. a critical factor Erikson fails to mention.**

Answer 29

c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.

Question 30

• *We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these in-**
• *dividuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?**
• *a. a 19-year-old male college student.**
• *b. 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band.**
• *c. a 57-year old female stockbroker.**
• *d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.**

Answer 30

d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.

Conformity seems to peak in the early teens.

Question 31

• *In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys**
• *a. a wire mother was favored by most young monkeys over a**
• *terry cloth version.**
• *b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth**
• *mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.**
• *c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities**
• *of alcohol.**
• *d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of**
• *alcohol.**

Answer 31

• *b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth**
• *mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.**

Question 32

• *Freud postulated psychosexual stages:**
• *a. id, ego, and superego.**
• *b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
• *c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego.**
• *d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.**

Answer 32

b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 33

• *In adolescence**
• *a. females commit suicide more than males.**
• *b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.**
• *c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious.**
• *d. males commit suicide more often than females, but fe-**
• *males attempt suicide more often.**

Answer 33

• *d. males commit suicide more often than females, but fe-**
• *males attempt suicide more often.**

Males commit suicide more often than females. This an-
swer would apply not just to adolescence but to nearly all
age brackets.

Question 34

• *In the general population**
• *a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000.**
• *b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode,**
• *but rarely after the depression lifts.**
• *c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.**

d. b and c.

Answer 34

c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.

Question 35

• *The fear of death:**
• *a. is greatest during middle age.**
• *b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon.**
• *c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric**
• *years.**

d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.

Answer 35

a. is greatest during middle age.

In Erikson’s stages the individual would accept the fi nality of life
better during the fi nal state than in the middle age years.

Question 36

• *In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor**
• *a. in the preconscious mind.**
• *b. in the mind of the child in latency.**
• *c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.**
• *d. a and b.**

Answer 36

c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.

This would make sense from a logical standpoint, because the
oral stage is the fi rst Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs
while the child is still an infant (i.e., the stage goes from birth to
one year). As mentioned earlier, attachments in human as well
as animal studies indicate that the bonding process takes place
early in life.

Question 37

• *When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that**
• *a. girls grow up to smile more.**
• *b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2.**
• *c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at**
• *any age.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 37

d. all of the above.

Boys on the other hand are more physically active and aggres-
sive, probably due to androgen hormones. Boys also seem to

possess better visual–perceptual skills.

Question 38

• *The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes**
• *sexuality is**
• *a. oral.**
• *b. anal.**
• *c. phallic.**
• *d. latency.**

Answer 38

d. latency.

Latency is the only Freudian

developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in na-
ture. It occurs roughly between ages 6 and 12.

Question 39

• *In terms of parenting young children**
• *a. boys are punished more than girls.**
• *b. girls are punished more than boys.**
• *c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion.**
• *d. boys show more caregiver behavior.**

Answer 39

a. boys are punished more than girls.

Question 40

• *When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they**
• *really mean**
• *a. how much heredity or environment interact to infl uence**
• *development.**
• *b. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. a theory proposed by Skinner’s colleagues.**

Answer 40

• *a. how much heredity or environment interact to infl uence**
• *development.**

Question 41

• *Stage theorists assume**
• *a. qualitative changes between stages occur.**
• *b. differences surely exist but usually can’t be measured.**
• *c. that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly**
• *supports the stage viewpoint.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 41

a. qualitative changes between stages occur.

Question 42

• *Development**
• *a. begins at birth.**
• *b. begins during the fi rst trimester of pregnancy.**
• *c. is a continuous process which begins at conception.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 42

c. is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Question 43

• *Development is cephalocaudal, which means**
• *a. foot to head.**
• *b. head to foot.**
• *c. limbs receive the highest level of nourishment.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 43

b. head to foot.

The head of the fetus develops earlier than the legs. Cephalo-
caudal simply refers to bodily proportions between the head and

tail.

Question 44

Heredity

• *a. assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromo-**
• *somes.**
• *b. assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by**
• *chromosomes.**
• *c. assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 44

d. all of the above.

Question 45

• *Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage**
• *a. abstract thinking emerges.**
• *b. problems can be solved using deduction.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels**
• *helpless.**

Answer 45

c. a and b.

Question 46

• *Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall**
• *into _______ levels.**
• *a. 6, 3**
• *b. 6, 6**
• *c. 3, 6**
• *d. 3, 3**

Answer 46

a. 6, 3

Preconventional Level with Stage 1, Punishment/Obedience Orientation, and Stage 2, Naive Hedonism (also called instrumental oregotistic) Orientation. The entire fi rst level is sometimes called
the “premoral level.” Conventional Level with Stage 3, Good
Boy/Good Girl Orientation, and Stage 4, Authority, Law, and
Order Orientation. This entire level is often known as “morality
of conventional rules and conformity.” Postconventional Level
with Stage 5, Democratically Accepted Law or “Social Contract”
and Stage 6, Principles of Self-Conscience and Universal Ethics.
The last level is sometimes termed the “morality of self-accepted
principles level.”

Question 47

• *A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and uni-**
• *versal ethical principles:**
• *a. has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of**
• *moral development.**
• *b. is in the preconventional level.**
• *c. is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral**
• *principles.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 47

d. a and c.

Question 48

• *Freud’s Oedipus Complex**
• *a. is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the**
• *opposite-sex parent occurs.**
• *b. occurs during the phallic stage.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory.**

Answer 48

c. a and b.

Question 49

• *In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as**
• *a. systematic desensitization.**
• *b. covert desensitization.**
• *c. in vivo desensitization.**
• *d. the Electra complex.**

Answer 49

d. the Electra complex.

Question 50

• *The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages is:**
• *a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.**
• *b. oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency.**
• *c. oral, phallic, latency, genital, and anal.**
• *d. phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal.**

Answer 50

a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 51

• *Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children**
• *by utilizing**
• *a. Piaget’s concept of conservation.**
• *b. Erik Erikson’s trust versus mistrust paradigm.**
• *c. Piaget’s formal operations.**
• *d. a visual cliff.**

Answer 51

d. a visual cliff.

The visual cliff is a device which utilizes a glass sheet which

simulates a drop-off. Interestingly enough, infants will not at-
tempt to cross the drop-off, thus indicating that depth percep-
tion in humans is inherent (i.e., an inborn or so-called innate

trait). By approximately eight months of age the child begins to
show stranger anxiety, meaning that he or she can discriminate a
familiar person from a person who is unknown.

Question 52

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

• *a. organismic theorists.**
• *b. statistical developmentalists.**
• *c. empiricists.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 52

c. empiricists.

The word empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience. This philosophy adheres to the principle that experience is the source for acquiring knowledge. Remember that empiricism is often said to be the forerunner of behaviorism and you could pick up a point on the test you’ll be taking.

Question 53

• *An empiricist view of development would be**
• *a. psychometric.**
• *b. behavioristic.**
• *c. against the use of formal statistical testing.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 53

b. behavioristic.

Here again, the empiricist view is behavioristic.

behavioristic empiricist researchers value statistical

studies and emphasize the role of the environment.

Question 54

• *In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers:**
• *a. showed marked borderline personality traits.**
• *b. surprisingly enough became quite friendly.**
• *c. demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion.**

d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Answer 54

d. ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Question 55

• *A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is**
• *said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?**
• *a. behaviorism**
• *b. organicism**
• *c. statistical developmentalism**
• *d. all of the above**

Answer 55

b. organicism

The term organismic also has been used to describe Gestalt
psychologists, such as Kurt Goldstein, who emphasize a holistic
model.

Question 56

• *In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the:**
• *a. sensorimotor stage.**
• *b. formal operational stage.**
• *c. preoperational stage.**
• *d. acquisition of conservation.**

Answer 56

a. sensorimotor stage.

Question 57

• *A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered**
• *a. object permanence.**
• *b. reflexive response.**
• *c. representational thought.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 57

d. a and c.

The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a vic-
tim of “out of sight, out of mind.” The child, needless to say,

needs representational thought to master object permanence,
which is also called object constancy.

Question 58

• *The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in**
• *the:**
• *a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.**
• *b. preoperational stage—2 to 7 years.**
• *c. concrete operational stage—7 to 12 years.**
• *d. formal operational stage—12 years and beyond.**

Answer 58

a. sensorimotor stage—birth to 2 years.

Incidentally, around the second month of age

the child begins to smile in response to a face or a mask that
resembles a face.

Question 59

• *John Bowlby has asserted that:**
• *a. attachment is not instinctual.**
• *b. attachment is best explained via Skinnerian principle.**
• *c. a and b.**
• *d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology**
• *can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in**
• *early childhood.**

Answer 59

• *d. conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology**
• *can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in**
• *early childhood.**

Question 60

• *The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that**
• *animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life:**
• *a. still developed in a normal fashion.**
• *b. still related very well with animals reared normally.**
• *c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic.**
• *d. were fi xated in concrete operational thought patterns.**

Answer 60

c. appeared to be abnormal and autistic.

Question 61

• *According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized,**
• *he or she may _______ a given psychosexual stage.**
• *a. skip**
• *b. become fixated at**
• *c. ignore**
• *d. a and c**

Answer 61

b. become fixated at

Here is a must-know term for any major exam. In psychoanalytic
theory the word fi xation implies that the individual is unable to

go from one developmental stage to the next. The person liter-
ally becomes stuck (or fi xated) in a stage where he or she feels

safe. Therefore, when life becomes too traumatic, emotional de-
velopment can come to a screeching halt, although physical and

cognitive processes may continue at a normal pace.

Question 62

• *An expert who has reviewed the literature on TV and violence**
• *would conclude that**
• *a. watching violence tends to make children more aggres-**
• *sive.**
• *b. watching violence tends to make children less aggressive.**
• *c. in reality TV has no impact on a child’s behavior.**
• *d. what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring.**

Answer 62

• *a. watching violence tends to make children more aggres-**
• *sive.**

Question 63

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
a. behavior results from unconscious aggression.
b. women will show the behavior to a higher degree than
men.
c. a and b.
d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a
given species.

Answer 63

• *d. behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a**
• *given species.**

Question 64

• *The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of**
• *Konrad Lorenz, refers to**
• *a. Piaget’s famous case study methodology.**

b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.

• *c. studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 64

b. the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.

The study of ethology was developed by European zoologists
who tried to explain behavior using Darwinian theory. Today,

when counselors refer to ethology, it concerns fi eld research uti-
lizing animals

Question 65

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

• *a. egocentrism.**
• *b. centration.**
• *c. formal abstract reasoning.**
• *d. deductive processes.**

Answer 65

b. centration.

Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is character-
ized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not

noticing the rest of it.

Question 66

• *Piaget felt**
• *a. homework depresses the elementary child’s IQ.**
• *b. strongly that the implementation of Glasser’s concepts in**
• *Schools Without Failure should be made mandatory in all**
• *elementary settings.**
• *c. that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours**
• *daily.**
• *d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete op-**
• *erations learn best via their own actions and experimenta-**
• *tion.**

Answer 66

• *d. teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete op-**
• *erations learn best via their own actions and experimenta-**
• *tion.**

Question 67

• *Piaget’s preoperational stage:**
• *a. is the fi nal stage, which includes abstract reasoning.**
• *b. includes mastering conservation.**
• *c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.**
• *d. all of the above.**

Answer 67

c. includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema.

Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in
play to occur. A milk carton can easily become a spaceship or a
pie plate can become the steering wheel of an automobile. The
preoperational stage occurs from age 2 to 7. If you erroneously
felt any of the other choices were correct review all the previous
questions related to Piagetian theory.

Question 68

• *Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that:**
• *a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before**
• *an individual could move on to the next stage.**
• *b. developmental stages are primarily psychosexual.**
• *c. developmental stages are primarily psychosocial.**
• *d. a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower**
• *stage is unsolved.**

Answer 68

• *a. each developmental stage needed to be resolved before**
• *an individual could move on to the next stage.**

Question 69

• *The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by**
• *a. the principle of negative reinforcement.**
• *b. sex role socialization.**
• *c. Konrad Lorenz’s studies on imprinting.**
• *d. ethological data.**

Answer 69

b. sex role socialization.

Question 70

• *The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of**
• *a. Freud.**
• *b. Adler on birth order.**
• *c. Erikson.**
• *d. Bowlby.**

Answer 70

d. Bowlby.

• *In psychoanalysis the term object describes the target of one’s**
• *love. Bowlby felt that if the child was unable to bond with an**
• *adult by age 3 he or she would be incapable of having normal**
• *social relationships as an adult.**

Question 71

• *A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing**
• *well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that:**
• *a. in general, boys have better verbal skills than girls.**
• *b. in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys.**
• *c. in general, boys possess better visual–perceptual skills**
• *and are more active and aggressive than girls.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 71

d. b and c.

Question 72

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family

counseling session. The term that best describes the phenom- enon is

• *a. the primal scene.**
• *b. preconscious psychic processes.**
• *c. sibling rivalry.**
• *d. BASIC-ID.**

Answer 72

c. sibling rivalry.

In counseling, sibling rivalry refers to competition between sib-
lings (i.e., a brother and a brother, a brother and a sister, or a

sister and a sister). The “primal scene” noted in choice “a” is

a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child wit-
nesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a

parent.

Question 73

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic.

• *This means the child attributes human characteristics to inani-**
• *mate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile**
• *or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to**
• *a. Carl Jung’s concepts of anima, animus.**
• *b. Freud’s wish fulfillment.**
• *c. Piaget’s preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.**
• *d. ego identity.**

Answer 73

c. Piaget’s preoperational period, age 2 to 7 years.

Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have

lifelike abilities and tendencies.

Question 74

• *Elementary school counseling and guidance services**
• *a. have been popular since the early 1900s:**
• *b. became popular during World War II.**
• *c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain**
• *momentum until the 1960s.**
• *d. none of the above.**

Answer 74

Three key

reasons have been cited for the slow development of el-

• *c. are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain**
• *momentum until the 1960s.**

Secondary school
counseling services increased rapidly in the 1960s. Now let’s
turn our attention to elementary school counseling. Three key

reasons have been cited for the slow development of el-
ementary school counseling.

. First, the majority of people

believed that schoolteachers could double as counsel-
ors. Second, counseling was conceptualized as focusing

on vocational issues. This would not be a primary issue

in the elementary years. Finally, secondary schools uti-
lized social workers and psychologists who would inter-
vene if emotional problems were still an issue as the child

got older.

Question 75

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
a. counselors of this ilk work hard, but just don’t seem to
have an impact on youngsters’ lives.
b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in

children’s lives, and more counselors should be em-
ployed.

c. counselors of this ilk could be helpful if they would en-
gage in more consultation work.

d. should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not
happening in most districts.

Answer 75

b. these counselors are effective, do make a difference in

• *children’s lives, and more counselors should be em-**
• *ployed.**

Question 76

• *According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson**
• *a. Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation stage simply**
• *doesn’t exist.**
• *b. Eighty percent of the men in the study experienced mod-**
• *erate to severe midlife crises.**
• *c. an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon**
• *be too late to make later changes.**
• *d. b and c.**

Answer 76

d. b and c.

Levinson and his colleagues were surprised to discover that
adult developmental transitions in white-collar and blue-collar
men seemed to be relatively universal. Sheehy has pointed out

that both men and women tend to experience typical crises, or
so-called “passages,” and each passage can be utilized to reach
one’s potential.

Question 77

• *Erikson’s middle age stage (ages 35–60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to**
• *a. the ability to do creative work or raise a family.**
• *b. the opposite of stagnation.**
• *c. the productive ability to create a career, family, and lei-**
• *sure time.**

d. all of the above.

Answer 77

d. all of the above.

Question 78

• *A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets**
• *feels**
• *a. the burden of senile psychosis.**
• *b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.**
• *c. despair, which is the sense that he or she has wasted life’s**
• *precious opportunities.**
• *d. the burden of generalized anxiety as described in the Di-**
• *agnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, pub-**
• *lished by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM).**

Answer 78

b. ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.

According to Erikson, successful resolution of this stage re-
sults in the belief that one’s life served a purpose.

Question 79

• *Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _______ is**
• *to Erikson.**
• *a. integrity versus despair**
• *b. Kohlberg**
• *c. trust versus mistrust**
• *d. play therapy**

Answer 79

c. trust versus mistrust

Question 80

• *Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?**
• *a. A. Lazarus**
• *b. H. Harlow**
• *c. J. Wolpe**
• *d. A. Ellis**

Answer 80

b. H. Harlow

Harry Harlow was born in 1905 and died in 1981. He is best
known for his work with rhesus monkeys at the University of
Wisconsin.

Question 81

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

• *a. has “learned helplessness” syndrome.**
• *b. suffers from a phobia.**
• *c. suffers from fixation.**
• *d. is displaying the risky shift phenomenon.**

Answer 81

c. suffers from fixation.

This is primarily an analytic concept. Freud felt that frustration
and anxiety are normal when passing through a developmental
stage, but when they become too powerful emotional growth will

literally stop and the person becomes stuck (fi xated) in the cur-
rent stage.

Question 82

• *Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other**
• *hand, felt morality developed from the**
• *a. superego.**
• *b. ego.**
• *c. id.**
• *d. eros.**

Answer 82

a. superego.

Eric Berne, the father of Transactional Analysis, put Freudian
lingo in everyday language and spoke of the Parent ego state,
which is roughly equivalent to the superego. The Parent ego
state is fi lled with the shoulds, oughts, and musts which often
guide our morality.

Question 83

• *Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?**
• *a. Carl Rogers**
• *b. B. F. Skinner**
• *c. Frank Parsons, the Father of Guidance**
• *d. Konrad Lorenz**

Answer 83

d. Konrad Lorenz

Bad news, folks; Konrad Lorenz compared us to the wolf or

the baboon and claimed that we are naturally aggressive. Ac-
cording to Lorenz, aggressiveness is part of our evolution and

was necessary for survival. The solution according to Lorenz is
for us to utilize catharsis and get our anger out, using methods
such as competitive sports.

Question 84

• *The statement, “Bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not,” is most closely associated with**
• *a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.**
• *b. Kohlberg’s conventional level.**
• *c. the work of Carl Jung.**
• *d. Piaget’s autonomous stage, which begins at about age 8.**

Answer 84

a. Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.

the initial stage, morality is guided by a fear of punishment.

Question 85

• *A critical period:**
• *a. makes imprinting possible.**
• *b. emphasizes manifest dream content.**
• *c. signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned**
• *or the behavior won’t be learned at all.**
• *d. a and c.**

Answer 85

d. a and c.

A critical period is a time when an organism is susceptible to a

specifi c developmental process. A critical period marks the im-
portance of and environment on development. In hu-
mans, for example, language acquisition is thought to begin at

around age 2 and ends at about age 14.

Question 86

• *Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by**
• *a. Erik Erikson.**
• *b. Milton H. Erickson.**
• *c. Konrad Lorenz.**
• *d. Harry Harlow.**

Answer 86

c. Konrad Lorenz.

Some behavioral scientists refer to instinctual behavior as “spe-
cies-specifi c,” meaning that the behavioral trait occurs in every

member of the species. The behavior is unlearned and univer-
sal.

Question 87

• *Marital satisfaction**
• *a. is usually highest when a child is old enough to leave**
• *home.**
• *b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a**
• *child leaving home.**
• *c. correlates high with performance IQ.**

d. is highest among couples who have seven or more college-educated children.

Answer 87

• *b. often decreases with parenthood and is lowest prior to a**
• *child leaving home**

Despite a divorce rate of nearly 50% in the United States, most
Americans still desire to marry.

Question 88

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates:

• *a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or-**
• *der needs, such as self-actualization.**
• *b. that psychopathology rests within the id.**
• *c. that unconscious drives control self-actualization.**
• *d. that stimulus-response psychology dictates behavioral at-**
• *tributes.**

Answer 88

• *a. lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-or-**
• *der needs, such as self-actualization.**

Maslow felt the person fi rst needs to satisfy
immediate or basic needs such as food and water. Next, safety
and security must be dealt with. Next, a need for love, affection,

and belonging emerges. The highest level is termed self-actu-
alization, meaning the person becomes all he or she can be. A

word to the wise: Some tests may refer to higher-order needs
(i.e., any need which is not physiological) as “metaneeds.”

Question 89

• *To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow**
• *a. used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz.**
• *b. psychoanalyzed over 400 neurotics.**
• *c. worked exclusively with schizophrenics in residential set-**
• *tings.**
• *d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped**
• *“the psychology of the average.”**

Answer 89

• *d. interviewed the best people he could find who escaped**
• *“the psychology of the average.”**

Imagine trying to learn
about self-actualization from studying baby goslings! No,
Maslow didn’t utilize goslings, nor did he turn to persons with
severe psychological problems. Maslow said if you research the
“psychopathology of the average” you will have a sick theory of

human behavior! The answer: work with those who have tran-
scended the so-called average or normal existence.

Question 90

• *Piaget is**
• *a. a maturationist.**
• *b. a behaviorist.**
• *c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.**
• *d. cognitive-behavioral.**

Answer 90

c. a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

According to the structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of
making sense out of the world.

Question 91

• *_______ factors cause Down syndrome, which produces mental retardation.**
• *a. Environmental**
• *b. Genetic**
• *c. Chemical dependency**
• *d. Unconscious**

Answer 91

b. Genetic

Persons with Down syndrome have a rather fl at face, a thick
tongue, and slanted eyes. Down syndrome, which is the result of
a chromosomal abnormality (an additional chromosome or two),
causes brain damage which results in an IQ of 50 or less (100
is normal).

Question 92

• *Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modifi cation of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called**
• *a. counterbalancing.**
• *b. equilibration.**
• *c. balance theory.**
• *d. ABA design.**

Answer 92

b. equilibration.

B is the treatment. After the
treatment is implemented the occurrence of A (the behavior in
question) is measured to see if a change is evident.

Question 93

• *There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of**
• *development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant**

growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists:

• *a. conduct therapy in the here-and-now.**
• *b. focus primarily on nonverbal behavior.**
• *c. believe group work is most effective.**
• *d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.**

Answer 93

d. allow clients to work through early conflicts.

Counselors of this persuasion allow the client to work through
the old painful material. Theoretically, the counselor acts almost

like a perfect nonjudgmental parent. And thus the client can ex-
plore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship. Psycho-
analysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category.

Question 94

• *Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a**
• *species, are known as**
• *a. hysteria.**
• *b. pica.**
• *c. fied-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.**
• *d. dysfunctional repetition.**

Answer 94

c. fied-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.

, a fi xed-action pattern (abbreviated FAP) will re-
sult whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The ac-
tion, or sequence of behavior, will not vary.

Question 95

• *Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling**
• *in which:**
• *a. the client is urged to relive a traumatic experience in an**
• *encounter group.**
• *b. biofeedback training is highly recommended.**
• *c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can**
• *fi nd new direction.**
• *d. the activity of meaning making is discouraged.**

Answer 95

• *c. the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can**
• *fi nd new direction.**

Question 96

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that:

• *a. no one theory completely explains developmental pro-**
• *cesses; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the**

major theories.

• *b. Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practic-**
• *ing virtually any modality.**

c. a counselor who incorporates Piaget’s stages into his or

• *her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of ri-**
• *val therapeutic viewpoints.**

d. a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental

• *theory in the same manner he or she picks a psychothera-**
• *peutic persuasion.**

Answer 96

• *a. no one theory completely explains developmental pro-**
• *cesses; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the**

major theories.

Question 97

• *Equilibration is:**
• *a. a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes.**
• *b. performed via the id according to the Freudians.**
• *c. a synonym for concrete operational thought.**
• *d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and**
• *that which is changed (accommodation).**

Answer 97

• *d. the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and**
• *that which is changed (accommodation).**

Question 98

• *A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on**
• *a. Maslow’s higher-order needs, such as self-actualization.**
• *b. building accurate empathy of family members.**
• *c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and**
• *safety needs.**
• *d. The identified patient.**

Answer 98

• *c. Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and**
• *safety needs.**

Maslow, a pioneer in third force or humanistic psychology, sug-
gested the following hierarchy of needs: survival, security, safety,

love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. The assumption is that
lower-order needs must be fulfi lled before the individual can be
concerned with higher-order needs.

Question 99

• *The anal retentive personality is**
• *a. charitable.**
• *b. stingy.**
• *c. kind.**
• *d. thinks very little about money matters.**

Answer 99

b. stingy.

put it bluntly, the anal retentive character is said to be
cheap!

Question 100

• *From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with**
• *alcoholism and excessive smoking would be**
• *a. considered an oral character.**
• *b. considered an anal character.**
• *c. considered a genital character.**
• *d. fixated at the latency stage.**

Answer 100

a. considered an oral character.

Here is where good old common sense comes in handy. The oral
region of the body (i.e., the mouth) would be the portion of the
body most closely related to smoking and alcoholism.