Social Cultural

Question 1

Etic

Answer 1

an outsider looking in on a culture without taking part in it

Question 2

Emic

Answer 2

within the culture where the project is situated

Question 3

Autoplastic

Answer 3

the client needs to change

Question 4

Alloplastic

Answer 4

change must come from environment, e.g., advocacy to change systems

Question 5

what is the Tripartite model

Answer 5

model of cultural competence

Question 6

Tripartite model: Awareness

Answer 6

refers to the person’s recognition of belonging to a cultural group and allows for self-examination of values, beliefs, and practices in a manner that enhances humility and facilitates empathy.

Question 7

Tripartite model: knowledge

Answer 7

dimension refers to acquiring and retaining information specific to cultural groups.

Question 8

Tripartite model: skills

Answer 8

skills refer to communicative or behavioral repertoires that result in successful exchanges between culturally different people

Question 9

Internal locus of responsibility

Answer 9

responsible for their own successes and failures

Question 10

Internal locus of control

Answer 10

Are more likely to take responsibility for their actions

Question 11

external locus of responsibility

Answer 11

are not responsible for their life successes and failures

Question 12

external locus of control

Answer 12

Blame outside forces for their circumstances

Question 13

Ethnocentrism

Answer 13

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

Question 14

Sexual/affective orientations: LGBTQQIA+

Answer 14

Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, trans, queer, questioning, Intersex, asexual, infinite variety of identities outside of or not represented

Question 15

Marginalization

Answer 15

treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.

Question 16

double or triple jeopardy

Answer 16

It hypothesizes that all three types of oppression: classism, racism, and sexism need to be overcome at once.

Question 17

Primary Oppression

Answer 17

the blatant variety directly perpetrated through either or both of the modalities of force or deprivation

Question 18

Secondary Oppression

Answer 18

when a person does not actively oppress through force or deprivation but benefits from oppression of others by others

Question 19

Tertiary Oppression

Answer 19

occurs when a member seeks acceptance from the dominant group by selling out or abandoning his or her own group

Question 20

Multicultural counseling organizations

Answer 20

The Civil Rights movement influenced counseling’s focus on multicultural issues, In 1972: APGA (now ACA) formed the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)

Question 21

Multicultural counseling legal cases: 1956 - Brown vs. Board of Education result

Answer 21

Desegregated public schools

Question 22

Multicultural counseling legal cases: Referenced the famous Clark doll test result:

Answer 22

African-American students preferred a white doll over a black doll, Suggested that segregation was having an impact on self-concept and self-esteem

Question 23

Social psychology theories is Allport’s Social Facilitation theory about

Answer 23

People perform better in groups

Question 24

Social psychology theories Festinger: cognitive dissonance theory.

Answer 24

If people feel negatively about an act they have committed, they must either change their behavior or else justify their actions.

Question 25

Social psychology theories Balance theory (related to cognitive dissonance theory):

Answer 25

We tend to follow counselors advice if we like them, and ignore advice if we dislike them

Question 26

Social psychology effects

Answer 26

Sleeper Explanation Scarcity Foot-in-the-door Reciprocity Risky shift

Question 27

Social psychology effects Sleeper effect

Answer 27

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

Question 28

Social psychology effects Explanation

Answer 28

A reason/rationale for a request increases cooperation

Question 29

Social psychology effects Scarcity

Answer 29

Less is more; rare objects/events have more value

Question 30

Social psychology effects Foot-in-the-door

Answer 30

Agreeing to first statement is more likely to agree to second statement

Question 31

Social psychology effects Reciprocity

Answer 31

Unspoken contract of golden rule; we repay favors

Question 32

Social psychology effects Risky shift

Answer 32

Group decision will be less conservative than the average group members? decision prior to discussion

Question 33

Social psychology experiments Robber’s cave experiment:

Answer 33

A cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Question 34

Social psychology experiments Milgram experiment:

Answer 34

People will adhere to directions given by people in authority, even against their moral values

Question 35

Social psychology experiments Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif:

Answer 35

People will conform to the consensus, after multiple people around them agree on an issue

Question 36

Society

Answer 36

people abiding prescribed patterns of interdependence

Question 37

Culture

Answer 37

shared values, beliefs, customs

Question 38

Salad bowl analogy:

Answer 38

Cultures each add something to the whole, when put together and allowed to keep their uniqueness

Question 39

melting pot analogy:

Answer 39

Integration of cultures leads to loss of identity for each culture

Question 40

Open vs. closed social systems:

Answer 40

Open systems have flexible membership criteria, closed systems have rigid membership criteria

Question 41

Domestic violence:

Answer 41

intervention is prevented by social/cultural beliefs that DV is a family matter and not subject to social intervention

Question 42

Unconscious bias:

Answer 42

Implicit information processing leads to prejudice

Question 43

Humanistic life outlook:

Answer 43

Growth occurs through formal education, observational learning, and diverse interpersonal experiences

Question 44

Cross & Helms Racial identity development - Nigrescence model stages

Answer 44

Preencounter unaware, denial, conformity;
Encounter awareness of racism, dissonance, conflict, anxiety;
Immersion-Emersion retreat into own group, cautious interaction, rejection of dominant culture;
Internalization Identification with other oppressed groups, interact flexibly with Whites;
Integration and action advocacy to reduce all forms of oppression

Question 45

Helms & Hardimans Racial identity development - White model

Answer 45

Contact unaware, denial, conformity, naivety;
Disintegration awareness and discomfort with racism; belief in equal opportunities for all racial groups (universal), believe White values are the gold standard;
Reintegration or pseudo-independence reactive intolerance and anger toward racial groups OR superficial commitment to racism issues; do not walk the talk;
Immersion/Emersion Redefine whiteness, self-reflection, renewed attempts to address privilege and racism;
Internalization and Autonomy advocacy for whites to relinquish privilege and change status quo

Question 46

Poston’s Racial identity development - Biracial model

Answer 46

Personal identity unaware of multicultural characteristics, denial, conformity, naivety;
Choice of group categorization anxiety and conflict by choosing one racial identity over another;
Enmeshment/Denial disloyalty and self-distain following inability to identity fully with one racial group;
Appreciation acceptance and valuing of multiple identities;
Integration complimentary sense for how racial identities intersect/interact

Question 47

Berry’s acculturation model

Answer 47

Assimilation Embracing host culture, rejecting heritage culture;
Accommodation Embracing heritage culture, embracing host culture;
Marginalization Embracing heritage culture, rejecting host culture;
Separation Rejecting both heritage and host culture

Question 48

Downing and Roush Gender identity development - Female model

Answer 48

Passive acceptance internalized gender role; low interaction with feminism;
Revelation contact/exposure to sexism; may result in dualistic thinking (women are all good, men are all bad);
Embeddedness/Emanation female support networks are established; guarded interactions with men;
Synthesis feminist principles are integrated with other cultural identities; more interaction and dialogue with men;
Active commitment advocacy for women, action to address and eliminate sexism

Question 49

Bem and Gender Schema Theory is?

Answer 49

A cognitive theory;
Explains how individuals become gendered in society and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.

Question 50

Cass’s Gay identity development

Answer 50

Conscious awareness feeling different; person realizes they may not be heterosexual;
Identity comparison attempts to accept or reject aspects of gay identity; either 1) seek to be heterosexual, 2) try to pass as heterosexual, 3) rejecting social expectations/norms for queerness;
Identity tolerance retreat into culture; connect with sexual minorities, and distance from heterosexuals;
Identity acceptance and pride active identification and commitment to the gay community; beyond simple tolerance; some advocacy/activism

Question 51

Weinberg’s Gay identity development - Bisexual model

Answer 51

Initial confusion anxiety and discomfort about selecting a sexual identity (gay or straight);
Finding and applying the label of bisexuality comfort with the bisexual label, and attraction to both genders;
Settling into the identity increased acceptance of bisexual identity;
Continued uncertainty ongoing intermittent uncertainty

Question 52

Poll and Smith’s Spiritual identity development

Answer 52

Pre-awareness spirituality is not considered important/salient;
Awakening event/conflict creates awareness of self as spiritual being;
Recognition spirituality is integrated throughout life experiences and begin to develop spiritual practice;
Integration spirituality is integrated into self-concept and identity