Social Cultural Flashcards
Etic
an outsider looking in on a culture without taking part in it
Emic
within the culture where the project is situated
Autoplastic
the client needs to change
Alloplastic
change must come from environment, e.g., advocacy to change systems
what is the Tripartite model
model of cultural competence
Tripartite model: Awareness
refers to the person’s recognition of belonging to a cultural group and allows for self-examination of values, beliefs, and practices in a manner that enhances humility and facilitates empathy.
Tripartite model: knowledge
dimension refers to acquiring and retaining information specific to cultural groups.
Tripartite model: skills
skills refer to communicative or behavioral repertoires that result in successful exchanges between culturally different people
Internal locus of responsibility
responsible for their own successes and failures
Internal locus of control
Are more likely to take responsibility for their actions
external locus of responsibility
are not responsible for their life successes and failures
external locus of control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
Ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
Sexual/affective orientations: LGBTQQIA+
Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, trans, queer, questioning, Intersex, asexual, infinite variety of identities outside of or not represented
Marginalization
treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.
double or triple jeopardy
It hypothesizes that all three types of oppression: classism, racism, and sexism need to be overcome at once.
Primary Oppression
the blatant variety directly perpetrated through either or both of the modalities of force or deprivation
Secondary Oppression
when a person does not actively oppress through force or deprivation but benefits from oppression of others by others
Tertiary Oppression
occurs when a member seeks acceptance from the dominant group by selling out or abandoning his or her own group
Multicultural counseling organizations
The Civil Rights movement influenced counseling’s focus on multicultural issues, In 1972: APGA (now ACA) formed the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)
Multicultural counseling legal cases: 1956 - Brown vs. Board of Education result
Desegregated public schools
Multicultural counseling legal cases: Referenced the famous Clark doll test result:
African-American students preferred a white doll over a black doll, Suggested that segregation was having an impact on self-concept and self-esteem
Social psychology theories is Allport’s Social Facilitation theory about
People perform better in groups
Social psychology theories Festinger: cognitive dissonance theory.
If people feel negatively about an act they have committed, they must either change their behavior or else justify their actions.
Social psychology theories Balance theory (related to cognitive dissonance theory):
We tend to follow counselors advice if we like them, and ignore advice if we dislike them
Social psychology effects
Sleeper Explanation Scarcity Foot-in-the-door Reciprocity Risky shift
Social psychology effects Sleeper effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
Social psychology effects Explanation
A reason/rationale for a request increases cooperation
Social psychology effects Scarcity
Less is more; rare objects/events have more value
Social psychology effects Foot-in-the-door
Agreeing to first statement is more likely to agree to second statement
Social psychology effects Reciprocity
Unspoken contract of golden rule; we repay favors
Social psychology effects Risky shift
Group decision will be less conservative than the average group members? decision prior to discussion
Social psychology experiments Robber’s cave experiment:
A cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation
Social psychology experiments Milgram experiment:
People will adhere to directions given by people in authority, even against their moral values
Social psychology experiments Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif:
People will conform to the consensus, after multiple people around them agree on an issue
Society
people abiding prescribed patterns of interdependence
Culture
shared values, beliefs, customs
Salad bowl analogy:
Cultures each add something to the whole, when put together and allowed to keep their uniqueness
melting pot analogy:
Integration of cultures leads to loss of identity for each culture
Open vs. closed social systems:
Open systems have flexible membership criteria, closed systems have rigid membership criteria
Domestic violence:
intervention is prevented by social/cultural beliefs that DV is a family matter and not subject to social intervention
Unconscious bias:
Implicit information processing leads to prejudice
Humanistic life outlook:
Growth occurs through formal education, observational learning, and diverse interpersonal experiences
Cross & Helms Racial identity development - Nigrescence model stages
Preencounter unaware, denial, conformity;
Encounter awareness of racism, dissonance, conflict, anxiety;
Immersion-Emersion retreat into own group, cautious interaction, rejection of dominant culture;
Internalization Identification with other oppressed groups, interact flexibly with Whites;
Integration and action advocacy to reduce all forms of oppression
Helms & Hardimans Racial identity development - White model
Contact unaware, denial, conformity, naivety;
Disintegration awareness and discomfort with racism; belief in equal opportunities for all racial groups (universal), believe White values are the gold standard;
Reintegration or pseudo-independence reactive intolerance and anger toward racial groups OR superficial commitment to racism issues; do not walk the talk;
Immersion/Emersion Redefine whiteness, self-reflection, renewed attempts to address privilege and racism;
Internalization and Autonomy advocacy for whites to relinquish privilege and change status quo
Poston’s Racial identity development - Biracial model
Personal identity unaware of multicultural characteristics, denial, conformity, naivety;
Choice of group categorization anxiety and conflict by choosing one racial identity over another;
Enmeshment/Denial disloyalty and self-distain following inability to identity fully with one racial group;
Appreciation acceptance and valuing of multiple identities;
Integration complimentary sense for how racial identities intersect/interact
Berry’s acculturation model
Assimilation Embracing host culture, rejecting heritage culture;
Accommodation Embracing heritage culture, embracing host culture;
Marginalization Embracing heritage culture, rejecting host culture;
Separation Rejecting both heritage and host culture
Downing and Roush Gender identity development - Female model
Passive acceptance internalized gender role; low interaction with feminism;
Revelation contact/exposure to sexism; may result in dualistic thinking (women are all good, men are all bad);
Embeddedness/Emanation female support networks are established; guarded interactions with men;
Synthesis feminist principles are integrated with other cultural identities; more interaction and dialogue with men;
Active commitment advocacy for women, action to address and eliminate sexism
Bem and Gender Schema Theory is?
A cognitive theory;
Explains how individuals become gendered in society and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.
Cass’s Gay identity development
Conscious awareness feeling different; person realizes they may not be heterosexual;
Identity comparison attempts to accept or reject aspects of gay identity; either 1) seek to be heterosexual, 2) try to pass as heterosexual, 3) rejecting social expectations/norms for queerness;
Identity tolerance retreat into culture; connect with sexual minorities, and distance from heterosexuals;
Identity acceptance and pride active identification and commitment to the gay community; beyond simple tolerance; some advocacy/activism
Weinberg’s Gay identity development - Bisexual model
Initial confusion anxiety and discomfort about selecting a sexual identity (gay or straight);
Finding and applying the label of bisexuality comfort with the bisexual label, and attraction to both genders;
Settling into the identity increased acceptance of bisexual identity;
Continued uncertainty ongoing intermittent uncertainty
Poll and Smith’s Spiritual identity development
Pre-awareness spirituality is not considered important/salient;
Awakening event/conflict creates awareness of self as spiritual being;
Recognition spirituality is integrated throughout life experiences and begin to develop spiritual practice;
Integration spirituality is integrated into self-concept and identity
