Social Class Theory Flashcards
Varieties Revision
Tajfel (1979) said that the groups such as social class, family, football team etc. which people belonged to were an important source of _ _ _ _ _ and self-esteem.
Pride
Tajfel proposed that when we put people into groups and categories (stereotyping) we tend to exaggerate the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between things in the same group.
Similarities
Tajfel proposed that when we put people into groups and categories (stereotyping) we tend to exaggerate the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between groups
Differences
A prestige variety is a type of language that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations
Positive
A stigmatised variety is one that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations
Negative
Accent describes the _ _ _ _ _ _ that people make when they pronounce words.
Sounds
English has one non-regional accent. What is it?
Received Pronunciation
Which social class is Received Pronunciation often associated with?
Upper or Middle Class. NOT WORKING CLASS
There is only one regionless accent. Which one is it?
Received Pronunciation
Dialect describes the _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that people use
Words and grammar
English has a non-regional dialect. What is it?
Standard English
What is the prestige dialect of British English?
Standard English
The prestige of a variety describes the _ _ _ _ _ that members of a speech community place on it.
Value
R.P. and Standard English have ‘_ _ _ _ prestige’ because they’re associated with rich, educated, powerful or successful people.
high
This kind of prestige that R.P and Standard English is called ‘_ _ _ _ _ prestige’ as the benefits it brings, such as a positive social image, are obvious.
Overt
Non-prestige forms sometimes have ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ prestige.’ This means that speakers maintain the use of non-prestige forms in order to appear tough or to display pride and loyalty to one’s class or home.
Covert
Working class varieties of speech (for examples those of Liverpool or Birmingham) are often the most ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.’
Stigmatised
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties have low social status and they carry with them connotations of unemployment, poverty, criminality, lack of sophistication, lack of education and lack of ambition.
Stigmatised
Prescriptivism attemps to say what language _ _ _ _ _ _ be like
should
Descriptivism attempts to say what language is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ like rather than what it should be like.
actually
Descriptivist don’t refer to right and wrong or good and bad in language but instead describe the kinds of language people really _ _ _
use
Prescriptivists tend to correct people into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ English and RP-like forms
standard
Change the following into what a prescriptivist would deem correct: You and me should do it.
You and I should do it
What would you call the following term: I haven’t got nothing.
Multiple negation
What is the name of the theorist who conducted the U and Non-Study
Alan Ross
In 1954 Professor Alan Ross looked at the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ differences between the English of highest social classes and the middle classes
lexical
Ross found that which class attempted to sound like the higher classes?
middle class
Ross found a number of lexical choices that acted as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
shibboleths
Ross also found that middle class speakers wrongly chose pretentious or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ words over words which they believed were associated with the working class .
euphemistic
Words associated with the upper classes were called?
U terms
Words that the middle class used were called?
Non-U terms
What is the name of the theorist who studied restricted and elaborate code?
Basil Bernstein
Bernstein claimed that the differences in language used were caused by the kinds of language working and middle class children _ _ _ _ _ and used
heard
Restricted Code is the kind of language family and friends use in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ settings
informal
Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It relies on you being close to and familiar with the people you’re speaking to.
implicit
Bernstein observed that working class pupils tended to stay more in their _ _ _ _ area
home
Elaborated Code is far more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
explicit
Elaborated code doesn’t assume any shared background or prior _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
knowledge
Because middle class speakers have a wider variety of contexts with lots of different speakers, there was a need for them to learn which code?
Elaborate code
Bernstein believed that _ _ _ _ _ did, to some extent, determine the language we use
class
Because Bernstein claimed that middle class speakers changed code according to their audience, it suggests that it’s not class but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that determines the language used.
context
Bernstein believed that middle class speakers were able to change the code they are speaking in, according to who?
Their audience
Bernstein claimed that both codes are useful and neither is?
wrong
Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as it conveys a vast amount of meaning with a few words
economical
Which code spells everything out, is complete and full of detail.
elaborate code
Bernstein found that all families use restricted code, but which social class tend only to use restricted code
working class
Because the language used in schools is mainly elaborated code, Bernstein, argues that this gives middle-class children an ?
an advantage
Bernstein says that the language used in schools is mainly which code?
elaborate code
What is the name of the theorist who conducted the Norwich Study?
Peter Trudgill
Trudgill studied which consonant in words like walking and running?
The final consonant
In standard British English, the sound spelled “ng” (/?/) is a _ _ _ _ _ nasal
velar nasal
The /n/ sound is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nasal
alveolar nasal
Using the alveolar nasal (/n/) rather than the velar nasal (/?/) is called what?
g-dropping
What is the symbol for the alveolar nasal sound?
/n/
What is the symbol for the velar nasal sound?
/?/
Trudghill found that there is a direct link between social class and a _ _ _ _ _
accent
Trudgill found that there is a direct _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between class and use of the /?/ sound
correlation
Trudgill found that the _ _ _ _ _ _ the class, the more you use it.
higher
What do all the social classes adjust, according to the style they’re speaking in?
g- dropping or the alveolar nasal
Trudgill found that there is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ correlation between formality and ‘g dropping’.
Inverse
