Social Class Theory

Question 1

Tajfel (1979) said that the groups such as social class, family, football team etc. which people belonged to were an important source of _ _ _ _ _ and self-esteem.

Answer 1

Pride

Question 2

Tajfel proposed that when we put people into groups and categories (stereotyping) we tend to exaggerate the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between things in the same group.

Answer 2

Similarities

Question 3

Tajfel proposed that when we put people into groups and categories (stereotyping) we tend to exaggerate the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between groups

Answer 3

Differences

Question 4

A prestige variety is a type of language that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations

Answer 4

Positive

Question 5

A stigmatised variety is one that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations

Answer 5

Negative

Question 6

Accent describes the _ _ _ _ _ _ that people make when they pronounce words.

Answer 6

Sounds

Question 7

English has one non-regional accent. What is it?

Answer 7

Received Pronunciation

Question 8

Which social class is Received Pronunciation often associated with?

Answer 8

Upper or Middle Class. NOT WORKING CLASS

Question 9

There is only one regionless accent. Which one is it?

Answer 9

Received Pronunciation

Question 10

Dialect describes the _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that people use

Answer 10

Words and grammar

Question 11

English has a non-regional dialect. What is it?

Answer 11

Standard English

Question 12

What is the prestige dialect of British English?

Answer 12

Standard English

Question 13

The prestige of a variety describes the _ _ _ _ _ that members of a speech community place on it.

Answer 13

Value

Question 14

R.P. and Standard English have ‘_ _ _ _ prestige’ because they’re associated with rich, educated, powerful or successful people.

Answer 14

high

Question 15

This kind of prestige that R.P and Standard English is called ‘_ _ _ _ _ prestige’ as the benefits it brings, such as a positive social image, are obvious.

Answer 15

Overt

Question 16

Non-prestige forms sometimes have ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ prestige.’ This means that speakers maintain the use of non-prestige forms in order to appear tough or to display pride and loyalty to one’s class or home.

Answer 16

Covert

Question 17

Working class varieties of speech (for examples those of Liverpool or Birmingham) are often the most ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.’

Answer 17

Stigmatised

Question 18

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties have low social status and they carry with them connotations of unemployment, poverty, criminality, lack of sophistication, lack of education and lack of ambition.

Answer 18

Stigmatised

Question 19

Prescriptivism attemps to say what language _ _ _ _ _ _ be like

Answer 19

should

Question 20

Descriptivism attempts to say what language is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ like rather than what it should be like.

Answer 20

actually

Question 21

Descriptivist don’t refer to right and wrong or good and bad in language but instead describe the kinds of language people really _ _ _

Answer 21

use

Question 22

Prescriptivists tend to correct people into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ English and RP-like forms

Answer 22

standard

Question 23

Change the following into what a prescriptivist would deem correct: You and me should do it.

Answer 23

You and I should do it

Question 24

What would you call the following term: I haven’t got nothing.

Answer 24

Multiple negation

Question 25

What is the name of the theorist who conducted the U and Non-Study

Answer 25

Alan Ross

Question 26

In 1954 Professor Alan Ross looked at the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ differences between the English of highest social classes and the middle classes

Answer 26

lexical

Question 27

Ross found that which class attempted to sound like the higher classes?

Answer 27

middle class

Question 28

Ross found a number of lexical choices that acted as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 28

shibboleths

Question 29

Ross also found that middle class speakers wrongly chose pretentious or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ words over words which they believed were associated with the working class .

Answer 29

euphemistic

Question 30

Words associated with the upper classes were called?

Answer 30

U terms

Question 31

Words that the middle class used were called?

Answer 31

Non-U terms

Question 32

What is the name of the theorist who studied restricted and elaborate code?

Answer 32

Basil Bernstein

Question 33

Bernstein claimed that the differences in language used were caused by the kinds of language working and middle class children _ _ _ _ _ and used

Answer 33

heard

Question 34

Restricted Code is the kind of language family and friends use in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ settings

Answer 34

informal

Question 35

Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It relies on you being close to and familiar with the people you’re speaking to.

Answer 35

implicit

Question 36

Bernstein observed that working class pupils tended to stay more in their _ _ _ _ area

Answer 36

home

Question 37

Elaborated Code is far more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 37

explicit

Question 38

Elaborated code doesn’t assume any shared background or prior _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 38

knowledge

Question 39

Because middle class speakers have a wider variety of contexts with lots of different speakers, there was a need for them to learn which code?

Answer 39

Elaborate code

Question 40

Bernstein believed that _ _ _ _ _ did, to some extent, determine the language we use

Answer 40

class

Question 41

Because Bernstein claimed that middle class speakers changed code according to their audience, it suggests that it’s not class but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that determines the language used.

Answer 41

context

Question 42

Bernstein believed that middle class speakers were able to change the code they are speaking in, according to who?

Answer 42

Their audience

Question 43

Bernstein claimed that both codes are useful and neither is?

Answer 43

wrong

Question 44

Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as it conveys a vast amount of meaning with a few words

Answer 44

economical

Question 45

Which code spells everything out, is complete and full of detail.

Answer 45

elaborate code

Question 46

Bernstein found that all families use restricted code, but which social class tend only to use restricted code

Answer 46

working class

Question 47

Because the language used in schools is mainly elaborated code, Bernstein, argues that this gives middle-class children an ?

Answer 47

an advantage

Question 48

Bernstein says that the language used in schools is mainly which code?

Answer 48

elaborate code

Question 49

What is the name of the theorist who conducted the Norwich Study?

Answer 49

Peter Trudgill

Question 50

Trudgill studied which consonant in words like walking and running?

Answer 50

The final consonant

Question 51

In standard British English, the sound spelled “ng” (/?/) is a _ _ _ _ _ nasal

Answer 51

velar nasal

Question 52

The /n/ sound is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nasal

Answer 52

alveolar nasal

Question 53

Using the alveolar nasal (/n/) rather than the velar nasal (/?/) is called what?

Answer 53

g-dropping

Question 54

What is the symbol for the alveolar nasal sound?

Answer 54

/n/

Question 55

What is the symbol for the velar nasal sound?

Answer 55

/?/

Question 56

Trudghill found that there is a direct link between social class and a _ _ _ _ _

Answer 56

accent

Question 57

Trudgill found that there is a direct _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between class and use of the /?/ sound

Answer 57

correlation

Question 58

Trudgill found that the _ _ _ _ _ _ the class, the more you use it.

Answer 58

higher

Question 59

What do all the social classes adjust, according to the style they’re speaking in?

Answer 59

g- dropping or the alveolar nasal

Question 60

Trudgill found that there is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ correlation between formality and ‘g dropping’.

Answer 60

Inverse