English Around the World Theory Flashcards
Varieties Revision
What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a first language?
An L1 country.
What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language?
An L2 country
One of the reasons why English is so widespread is because it was the language of The British _ _ _ _ _ _
Empire
What does ‘Lingua Franca’ mean?
A trading or contact language between many groups who don’t speak the same language.
Although English is spoken all over the world, the kind of English spoken is not necessarily the same as the English in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or the same as in other countries.
Britain
Linguists now often speak about Global _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rather than Global English as there are many different varieties of English around the world.
Englishes
What does ‘airdash’ mean in India?
To take a sudden plane journey in response to an emergency
What is a ‘matrimonial’ in India?
A newspaper advert seeking marriage
What does the ‘chicken business’ mean in Singapore?
Prostitution
What does ‘by eyepower’ mean in Singapore?
Without effort or lazily
What does ‘treadies’ mean in South Africa?
Trainers
What does ‘Min Ral’ mean in South Africa?
Fizzy drinks
What is the name of Braj Kachru’s model?
Three Circles Model
Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a first language (L1)
The Inner Circle
Kachru said that L1 countries act as ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘
Providers
L1 countries provide the standard against which all other kinds of English are?
Judged
UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?
L1
Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a second language (L2)
Outer Circle
Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?
L2
Kachru said that L2 countries, such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’
Developing
Norm Developing countries such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are develop their own _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.
Distinct
In the expanding circle, why is English used?
To communicate for purposes of business, politics and education
In which circle is English used for practical reasons and not for ‘cultural integration.’ (i.e. people don’t chat in it or write fiction or drama in it.)
The Expanding Circle
What do Canadians call a public toilet?
‘washroom’
Countries in the Outer Circle are norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Dependent
Countries in which circle rely on Inner Circle Englishes to tell them what is right and wrong.
Expanding Circle
How do Canadians spell ‘colour’
colour with a ‘u’
How do Canadians spell ‘criticise’?
Criticize with a ‘z’
In Canadian English, ‘Mary and ‘_ _ _ _ _ ‘ are homophones
Marry
In Canadian English, ‘lager’ and ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ ‘ are homophones
Logger
Which sound do Canadian English tend to use in the word ‘car park.’
The non-prevocalic /r/
How do Canadians pronounce ‘new’
nju:
Instead of petrol, Canadians say _ _ _
Gas
Instead of nappy, Canadians instead say d _ _ _ _ _
Diaper
What do Canadians call a mobile?
Cell phone
What do Canadians call a public toilet?
A washroom
What do Canadians call a ‘queue’
A line-up
Canadians tend to put the adverbial ‘as well’ where in the sentence?
At the start of a sentence as in ‘As well I’ll go to the shop.’
In Canadian English, ‘Yiz’ is a second person _ _ _ _ _ _ personal pronoun
Plural
Canadians use ‘eh’ as what? e.g. ‘Nice day, eh.’
As a tag question
British English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language
Stress
Indian English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language
Syllable
A stress-timed language is when you stress the most important syllables in an utterance and _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ the rest
De-stress
Indian English tends to stress all of it syllables _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Equally
What does ‘achaa’ mean in Indian English?
Good
What does ‘bas’ mean in Indian English?
Stop
What does ‘yaar’ mean in Indian English?
Friend
In Indian English, compound words using ‘w _ _ _ _ _ ‘ meaning ‘person associated with’ are very common eg ‘governmentw _ _ _ _ _ ‘
Wallah - Governmentwallah (person associated with the government)
What is the term we use for the following examples: ‘I am knowing this’ instead of ‘I know this’ or ‘I am loving you’ instead of ‘I love you’
Progressive aspect
In Indian English, it is common to say “what she has done” instead of “what has she done” - what do we call this?
‘Wh’ interrogatives do not use inversion.
In Indian English, they commonly use which word as a tag question?
‘no’ - e.g. You’re going home, no?
In Indian English, it is common to change words that start with a ‘w’ to a ‘v’ e.g. ‘vhat are you doing.’ - What do we call this?
v-w merging
What is a lingua franca?
A trading or contact language, between groups of people who don’t have a language in common.
What is the name of the theorist who identified the ‘dynamic model?
Edgar Schneider
The ‘foundation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how English is brought to a new territory by a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group
Powerful
The ‘Exonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how the _ _ _ _ _ in the territory become bilingual using Standard English.
Elite
The ‘N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘ stage, in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the influence of Britain (or other English speaking country) weakens
Nativisation
The ‘Endonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new territory gains what?
Independence
‘D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’ in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory
Differentiation
