Ethnicity Theory Flashcards
Varieties Revision
Ethnicity refers to one’s family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, linking one historically and culturally to places where one’s antecedents lived.
heritage
Pidgins and creoles are languages that draw their lexis largely from one language, but 3 things from several others. What are those 3 things?
Syntax, grammar and phonology
Many Pidgins and Creoles are based on European languages in areas that have been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by European nations.
Colonised
Communities start by creating a pidgin, which many people speak but which isn’t any community’s _ _ _ _ _ language.
First
If a pidgin survives, what does it become?
A creole
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often provides the right conditions for the development of a pidgin.
Colonisation
If two speech communities meet and their need to communicate lasts long enough for it to be worthwhile, usually one of the languages will become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and will be used by both communities.
Dominant
A creole is the first, second or third language of a community?
First
A pidgin is a language that has grown up between communities that do not have a mutually _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ language.
intelligible
What does intelligible mean?
Easily understood?
Pidgins most often serve the function of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or trading language
Lingua franca
A lingua franca is most usually concerned with what?
Routine communication between different communities e.g. buying and selling
What does ‘my shackup’ mean in Bamboo English?
Unmarried exclusive sexual partner
What does ‘cut a chogy’ mean in Bamboo English?
Leave, go away
What does ‘boonies’ mean in Bamboo English?
The remote countryside
Much of the lexis in Bamboo English was concerned with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ items with which the soldiers were not provided by the army; for example drugs and prostitution.
illicit
Bamboo English is an English-based pidgin that grew up on which continent in the 1960s?
South East Asia
A pidgin isn’t anyone’s _ _ __ _ _ language.
first
Once the pidgin is used as a speech communities first language, what does it become?
A creole
It was the policy of the colonial government to divide _ _ _ _ _ _ communities
Speech
The slaves developed pidgin languages in order to c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with each other.
Communicate
The _ _ _ _ _ of these languages tended to be drawn from English because it was the only language that they had in common.
lexis
The grammar and phonology was often drawn from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the original African languages of the workers.
English
Jamaican creole is also known as which other names?
Patwa or Patois
What is the first language of most people in Jamaica?
Patwa or Patois
The p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ available in a pidgin have to be present in all of the speakers’ original languages.
Phonemes
What does ‘kraikrai’ mean in Kamtok?
Cry continuously
What term would we use for ‘kraikrai’?
Reduplication
In Kamtok, they would say ‘Di tu big pepa’ instead of ‘the two big newspaper’. What is this an example of?
Not marking plural nouns
Creolised and Pidginised Englishes tend not to distinguish between g _ _ _ _ _ _ in either nouns or pronouns
Genders
How long have most Creoles been in contact with Standard English for?
Up to three hundred years
What is the prestige form in Jamaica?
Standard English
Because Standard English is the most prestige form in Jamaica, it means that, over time, Patwa is becoming increasingly like Standard English. What do we call this process?
Decreolisation
A young Jamaican schoolboy may speak reasonably Standard English in school and then adopt Creole features as they grow older. This shows that speakers adopt a position on the continuum according to what?
Context
From the late 1940s, which people began to move to the UK, many speaking a language on the Creole continuum?
Caribbean people
Which variety decreolised and their children’s language decreolised further, after living in Britain for some time?
Black British English
‘I’m goinng home, innit’ is an example of which BBE feature?
Universal tag question
‘She eat apples’ is an example of which BBE feature?
Omission of the +s inflection from third person singular verbs in the present tense
‘Two apple’ is an example of which BBE feature?
Unmarked plural noun
‘He good’ is an example of which BBE feature?
Omission of the copular verb ‘to be’ in sentences with complement phrases
From the 1960s, contact between Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighbours in school, at work and socially, lead to what?
‘Crossing’
What does the term ‘crossing’ mean?
This is when Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighoburs are exposed to both Jamaican English and Cockney and style shift between the two varieties.
Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) began to gain which type of prestige?
Covert Prestige
Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) was beginning to be used by which other people?
Some white and Asian people who didn’t have a black peer group
Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and _ _ _ _ to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)
good
Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)
Assertiveness
Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)
Competence
Multicultural Urban English (MUE) also known as Multicultural London English, is a variety of English that combines elements of what?
Creole, Standard British English and influences from many other languages.
What does MUE stand for?
Multicultural Urban English
MUE is associated with Black British speakers but is used by?
A much wider demographic.
MUE varies from region to region with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties in Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol.
Different
MUE is strongly associated with which people?
Younger people
MUE is different from other regional varieties as it doesn’t have u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ characteristics shared by its speakers
Uniform
MUE has a _ _ _ _ of characteristics from which speakers draw a number depending on age, ethnicity, region and identity.
Pool
The specific features _ _ _ _ _ from place to place with MUE speakers in East London using some features more typically than MUE speakers in South London or in Luton or Nottingham.
Shift
The local _ _ _ _ _ _ population has an impact on the features used in MUE.
Ethnic
What does ‘bare’ mean in MUE?
Many (adjective) Very (adverb)
What does ‘beef’ mean in MUE?
Disagreement or conflict (noun)
What does ‘choong’ mean in MUE?
Attractive (adjective)
What does ‘ting’ mean in MUE?
Thing (noun) Girlfriend (noun)
What does ‘endz’ mean in MUE?
Neighbourhood (noun)
Is MUE h-dropping or non h-dropping?
Non h-dropping
One grammatical feature of MUE is when they say ‘mandem’ - What term can we use for this?
Dem as a plural marker
How would a speaker of MUE say ‘ask’?
a:ks
How would a speaker of MUE say ‘price’?
pra:s
Man went to Hackney’ ‘Dem man gone’ ‘Us man leaving’ are all examples of what from MUE?
‘Man’ as a pronoun.
In MUE, the following sentence is common: ‘The woman who be in the office’ - What can you say about the verb ‘be’
Copular ‘Be’ used consistently before complements
What is Code Mixing?
Occasionally inserting words or phrases from one language into another.
What is Code Switching?
Moving from one language into another for a longer period.
Code switching and mixing can also be a way of signalling a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an interlocutor
Relationship
Which theorist argued that often, of the two languages used, one is a ‘we code’ and one is a ‘they code.’
Gupertz
‘We code’, outlined by Gupertz, is when speakers of a minority language use one language to acknowledge their _ _ _ _ _ _ heritage with others
Shared
Which theory suggests that speakers move between codes depending on where and to whom they are speaking?
Domain theory
In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak Arabic?
At Mosque
In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak English?
In school
In which domain, might a British Punjabi Muslim speak Punjabi?
At home
In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak Yiddish?
Home
In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak English?
At School
In which domain might a British Ashkenazi Jew speak Hebrew?
Synagogue
In which domain might an MUE speaker use Standard English?
In School
