Social class (internal factors) Flashcards
What is labelling?
Interactionists studies
Teacher attach labels regardless of pupils ability or attitude.
Label student based on stereotypes assumptions about their class
What was Beckers study?
Interview
60 Chicago high school teachers
Found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted image of ideal pupil.
Working class seen as badly behaved
Middle class well behaved and closest to ideal pupil identity
What did Hemel-Jorgensen study and find?
Working class Aspen primary school, where staff said discipline was a problem - ideal pupil was quiet passive and obedient
Middle class Rowan primary school, had few discipline problems - ideal pupil was defined in terms of their personality
What did Duane and Gazeley find?
Teachers normalised the underachievement of working class pupils and seemed unconcerned and like there was nothing they could do about it
Whereas they believed they could overcome the underachievement of the middle class
How do Marxists support the idea of labelling?
Reproduction of class inequalities
Education assigns labels and expectations that limit opportunities for marginalised groups.
How do functionalists/new right argue labelling is a good thing?
Role allocation
Facilitates societal stability and progress
Prepares them for future roles based on individuals ability and potential.
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
Techer labels pupil
Teacher treats pupil accordingly
Pupil internalises teachers expectation, becoming the label.
How did Rosenthal and Jacobson study about self fulfilling prophecy?
old school they had a new test design to identify students who would spurt ahead
It was a standard iq test
Tested all students
Picked 20% at random and lied to school saying they had identified them as the sputters
When returning a year later they found 1/2 identified as sputter had made significant progress
Effect was greater on younger children
What is streaming?
Separating children into different ability groups or classes
Each group is then taught separately from the others for all subjects
Working class children are more likely to be in lower streams, students get the message that their teachers have written them off as no hopers
What is the educational triage?
Those who will pass anyways
Borderline C/D pupils, targeted for extra help
Hopeless cases
What did Gillborn and Yodel study?
The A to C economy
Found teachers use stereotypical notations of ability to stream pupils
Pupils more likely to be put into lower streams and entered for lower tier GCSES
Link this to policy of publishing exam league tables.
Creating an A to C economy where schools focus on pupils they see as having potential to giant 5 A* - C and boost the schools league position
What did Waterhouse study?
Four primary schools and secondary schools
Teacher labelling of pupils as either normal or average or deviant types has implication for way teaser interact with pupils
Once labels are applied and become more dominate categories for pupils they can become a ‘pivotal identity’ for students
Core identity providing a pivot that teachers then use to interpret and reinterpret classroom situations and student behaviour
What does Lacey argue about subcultures?
Explains how they are developed
Differentiation
Polarisation
He found streaming polarised bot into pro school and anti school cultures
What is differentiation?
Process of teachers categorising pupils according to ability/behaviour
What is polarisation?
Process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two poles or extremes
What is integration?
Pupils who are eager to please teachers and have very favourable attitudes towards school
Conformist pro school
What is compliance?
Pupils who accept school rules and discipline and see school as a useful way to gain qualifications, but who don’t have a wholly positive or negative attitude towards school
Typically first year students
What is opportunism?
Pupils who fluctuate between seeking approval of teachers and form their peer groups
What is ritualism?
Pupils who go through the motions of attending school but without great engagement or enthusiasm
What is retreatism?
Pupils who are indifferent to school values and exam success
Messing about in class and daydreaming are common
Students dont want to challenge the authority of the school
What is Colonisation?
Pupils who try to get away with as much as possible.
May express hostility to the school but will still try to avoid getting into trouble
more common in later years of schooling
What is intransigence?
Troublemakers who are indifferent to school and who aren’t that bothered about conformity
What is rebellion?
The goals of school are rejected and pupils devote their effort to achieving deviant goals
What is habitus?
Dispositions or leased, taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting that are shaped by class
What did Archer et al find?
WC pupils felt that to be educationally successful they would have to change how they spoke and presented themselves
WC students education success is often experienced as a process of losing yourself, they would have to change how they presented themselves and talked.
What did archer et al argue about symbolic capital and violence?
Schools have middle class habits
Pupils socialised at home into MC tastes gain symbolic capital
School devalues WC habits so their tastes are deemed inadequate
What does Bourduei argue about symbolic violence?
Withholding of symbolic capital is symbolic violence
By defining WC and their tastes as inferiors, symbolic violence reproduces the class structure and keeps lower classes in their place
What are nike identities?
Symbolic violence and consciousness that society and school looked down on the WC lead to them to seek alternative ways of creating self worth by creating identities by investing heavily in styles
These are heavily produced by peer groups and not conforming was social suicide
The right appearance brought symbolic capital within peer groups and brought safety from bullying
