social class identity

Question 1

what is the theoretical approach

Answer 1

sociologist have different ideas about which classes exist and why eg Marxist suggests there are only two class groups,
a) those who own the means of production
b) those who need to sell their labour.

Question 2

what is stratification

Answer 2

the division of society into a hierarchy layer with the most privileged are at the top and the last favoured are out the bottom

Question 3

what is the descriptive approach

Answer 3

ranking people in a hierarchy based on a number of social indicators eg the register general scale and the nssec

Question 4

what is upper class

Answer 4

traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth often in the form of land
the upper class usually operate social closure meaning that their lives are separate from the rest of the population.

Question 5

what sociologist can we link to the upper class workplace

Answer 5

Macintosh and Mooney

Question 6

what did macintosh and mooney say occupation effected peoples identity

Answer 6

it helps classify people into social groups.

Question 7

what sociologist can we link to uc peer groups

Answer 7

scott

Question 8

what is the role of the life long friendship in upperclass

Answer 8

the role is to keep the upper class connected socially, economically and culturally. they stay with eachother in education, work and invite only social activities

Question 9

what did scott say about the old boy network

Answer 9

those who share and upper class status and often meet in education help each other in their careers and this adds to social closure

Question 10

who can we associate with family in upper class

Answer 10

scott

Question 11

what in the family contributes to social closure

Answer 11

inter marriage into families with the same same social class
and teaching children high culture

Question 12

who can we associate with upper class education

Answer 12

scott

Question 13

what type of education is traditional to upper class

Answer 13

private/ public school
high education
oxford and Cambridge

Question 14

what is the ethos and culture to upper class education

Answer 14

preserves social division and teaches them superiority
develops leadership

Question 15

who can we associate privately educated girls

Answer 15

kenway

Question 16

what does private education give girls according to kenway

Answer 16

gives them higher self esteem
they devaluate the status and achievements of sate educated people

Question 17

what is middle class

Answer 17

majority of the population
traditionally associated with those who have professional or managerial careers. they are likely to be uni educated and own their own homes. middle class isa a very diverse group

Question 18

who can we associate with middle class famil

Answer 18

king and raynor

Question 19

what is a key feature of middle class family

Answer 19

child centeredness
deferred gratification focusing on education

Question 20

what does child centeredness mean

Answer 20

when a family prioritises their child over anything else what the child needs is above anything ekse and put emphasis on education

Question 21

who can we link to middle class education

Answer 21

Bourdieu

Question 22

what is the hidden curriculum

Answer 22

lessons you learn that arent in the curriculum and arent openly intended

Question 23

what does Bourdieu think advantages middle class people in education

Answer 23

they have values knowledge leisure interests levels of language and skills at home that are similar to how school is set up

Question 24

what is culture capital

Answer 24

how cultured you are e.g. going to museums and the theatre

Question 25

what is social capital

Answer 25

networking and socialising with others in a similar economic positions to advantage them eg can secure work experience

Question 26

who can we link to peer groups in the middle class

Answer 26

Goodwin and huppatz

Question 27

what is a yummy mummy

Answer 27

middle class mothers who spoil their children while being put together, and caring about their image

Question 28

what phrases do goodwin and huppaz refer to when talking about middle vs working class mothers

Answer 28

yummy mummy vs slummy mummy

Question 29

what is the centeral focus for middle class mothers when thinking about their childs future

Answer 29

education and school choice and stress about their children working hard

Question 30

who can we link to middle class media

Answer 30

saunders

Question 31

why do the media target the middle class for consuming

Answer 31

they have the highest disposable income and they often define their identity by what they leave

Question 32

what is conspicuous consumption

Answer 32

buying things you dont need to show off your wealth comes from peer presure imitation role models and praise

Question 33

who can we link to middle class workplace

Answer 33

neo-Marxist wright

Question 34

what does wright argue with middle class workplace

Answer 34

the middle class occupy a contradictory class position this means they aare both exploited my upper class and can exploit the lower classes

Question 35

what did willis’ study show

Answer 35

FAMILY- studies 12 working class boys. He argued that the ‘lads’ formed a distinctive ‘counter school sub cultural grouping’ this group of disaffected boys felt superior to the more conformist pupils, and had little interest in academic work. And saw manual work as superior to mental work. And they often follow in their fathers footsteps

Question 36

what did mac and ghails study show

Answer 36

WORKPLACE- they had a study of the making of men, the study was ethnographic within a predominantly working class, industrial area in the midlands. they studies a range of subcultures in schools and noted that boys from a working class background generally followed their fathers into traditional working class manual labour jobs however when the manual labour jobs were declining they had a crisis of masculinity as they weren’t qualified for office jobs and this meant that women were the main earners in the family

Question 37

what did bowles and gintis’ study show

Answer 37

EDUCATION: education socialises individuals into traditional working class identity via a hidden curriculum. they argue that educations function is to maintain, legitimise and reproduce class inequalities in wealth and power. they suggest that the education system is designed for the ruling class and it encourages children from the working class backgrounds to be obedient and passive workers in the future. This means that education is teaching the next genera of workers to accept exploitation and alienation by encouraging conformity to a ruling class ideology

Question 38

what did MERTENS AND D’HAENENS study show

Answer 38

they studied the digital divide in brussels and found a clear link between class and internet usage, those from a lower social class used the internet less and were also found to use it more for entertainment whereas the higher social classes used it more for gaining and boosting knowlage

Question 39

what did murrays study suggest

Answer 39

MURRAY -
The underclass are poor people who live off mainstream society without participating in it, they take jobs sporadically if at all and do not share social burdens and shirk off fatherhood. The underclass are dishonest, disrespectful, undeserving and feckless. He states that illegitimacy is skyrocketing and crime is at fault of incompetent single mothers. There are a large number of healthy men who chose not to work- voluntary unemployment.

Question 40

what does jordans study suggest

Answer 40

Jordan disagrees with Murray and argues that the underclass have the same values and attitudes as everyone else in society and that most of them would love to work if they had the chance. He said that they feel a sense of shame that they cannot provide for their families. He says that unemployment often brings shame, guilt, low self esteem, insecurity and poor mental health to an individual.

Question 41

what does pakulski and walters study suggest

Answer 41

Suggests that there has been a shift from production to consumption in the defining of identities. We are now defined by what we buy, not what we do.

Question 42

what does offes study suggest

Answer 42

Fewer and fewer individuals share a common unifying experience of full time work- the experience that used to shape the culture of social classes, the days when people had a job for life and we are all able to create our own identities regardless of social class of our family and our qualifications.

Question 43

what did skeggs study suggest

Answer 43

Found that working class women had an instrumental attitude to work, their job didnt influence their identities they were simply means to an end the new working class also saw capitalism as effective in raising their living standards and therefor they have no sense of class injustice or political loyalty they see society as mediocrity as they believe all individuals have an equal chance of success and can experience social mobility.

Question 44

what is social class

Answer 44

Social class is a system of stratification which places people in different positions in society. This can be determined by many different factors and there are many different classifications of what social class actually is broadly there are three categories, upper, middle and working.

Question 45

whats the registrar general scale

Answer 45

it is a descriptive approach to measuring social class based on occupational skill.

Question 46

what is the nssec

Answer 46

this is a descriptive approach based on occupations and qualifications.

Question 47

what is an objective definition of class

Answer 47

Objective definition of class, this is when people are placed into social class using a scale or measurement devices

Question 48

what is teh subjective definition of class

Answer 48

Subjective definition of class, where people place themselves in society and how they define themselves.

Question 49

structure of a paragraph in 12 mark question

Answer 49

refer to the source
explain the source
study example
refer to question