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sociology paper 1 > gender identity > Flashcards

gender identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sex meaning

A

biological difference between males and females

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2
Q

gender meaning

A

cultural classification, set of expectations set with being a boy/girl. it is socially constructed around how people should act

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3
Q

what is femininity/ masculinity

A

characteristics associated with being male/ female which has an effect on behaviours. the charictaristics can change based on where you are.

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4
Q

hegemonic femininity/ masculinity

A

the dominant/ traditional way we expect females/ males to behave

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5
Q

what does wilson argue

A

that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous. women on the other hand need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father of the child.

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6
Q

what does parsons say about role men and women have in a family

A

females have have an expressive role in the family males have a more instrumental role of breadwinner and protector

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7
Q

what do feminists say about gender identity

A

gender identity is socially constructed by a patriarchal society. by this they mean that male dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how males and females should be

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8
Q

manipulation in gender identity

A

encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour eg boys getting muddy when playing and girls not

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9
Q

what is canalisation in gender identity

A

parents directing childrens interest into certain toys and play eg buying girls dolls and boys trucks

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10
Q

what is verbal appellations in gender identity

A

parents using stereotypical feminine and masculine descriptions such as gentle girls and strong boys

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11
Q

what is domestic activities in gender identity

A

giving cultural expectations of future responsibilities eg helping with housework for girls

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12
Q

what does McRobbie say about the lack of research into girls involvement into youth subcultures

A

they struggled to get answers from girls and girls participated less in subcultures.

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13
Q

what was the culture of femininity and what did it involve and why did girls turn to it

A

friendship and a shared culture with other girls, it excludes boys and involves bestfriends where makeup and fashion is emphasized

they saw it as a stepping stone and they got out in pairs to find men instead of going out alone.

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14
Q

what does mcrobbie mean by bedroom culture

A

when girls would retreat away from the outside world and hide in their bedroom from men

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15
Q

how did sian lincoln update mcrobbies theory

A

bedroom culture does still exist but are no longer private as internet was more common the outside world was let in

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16
Q

what did billington say about media on gender identity

A

argues that the media presents masculinity as dominant and femininty as subordinate

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17
Q

what did the feminist nakusmura say about gender identity and the media

A

found that although women are stereotyped in the media, digital communication and the internet are being used by women from a range of different ethnic and class backgrounds as a forum for support when they face discrimination and inequality.

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18
Q

what are some negative impacts of the media on gender identity

A

there are more negative male role models that can voice their opinion and get support
bad self esteem
male sports are more covered

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19
Q

what are some positive impats of the media on the identity of women

A

there are more female role models
new films
more women in sport
laura gates, everyday sexism book

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20
Q

what was Fergusons study

A

a content analysis of womens magazines and counted the number of times a certain topic was covered. she concluded that the magazines were based around a cult of femininity which promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, marriage, and appearance.

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21
Q

what did mitsos and browne saw about education

A

boys do worse in education as teachers seemed to be less strict with the boys. boys were most likely to be described ad disruptive and boys are most likely to have a culture of masculinity which didnt value education achievements. with an anti learning culture which was reinforced by teachers in school.

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22
Q

how did willis’ study support the research of mitsos and browne

A

he studied boys that that an anti school culture.

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23
Q

what did skelton say about eduation

A

skelton argues that the hidden curiculum is perpetuating gender differences in ubject choice.

24
Q

how is the hidden curriculum patriarchal

A

socialising boys into stem subjects-the higer paying jobs

english books are written by men

25
Q

what was alison kellys study

A

he said there are two reasons why science is seen as a more masculine subject pictures that would interest boys in textbooks
and theyd dominate the class room by grabbing the equipment.

26
Q

what does gist and wise mean

A

gist girls in science technology
women in science engineering.

27
Q

who talked about the different forms of masculinity

A

Connell

28
Q

who talked about expressive and intrumental gender roles

A

parsons

29
Q

who talked about manipulation canalisation, verbal appellations and different activities.

A

Anne Oakley

30
Q

who talked about bedroom culture

A

mc robbie

31
Q

who updated mc robbies research

A

sian lincoln

32
Q

who talked about men being dominant and women being subordinate in media

A

Billiton

33
Q

who talked about media being a forum of support for women

A

Nakamura

34
Q

who did a content analysis on female magazines

A

Ferguson

35
Q

who talks about boys doing worse in school

A

mitsos and Browne

36
Q

who talked about the hidden curriculum effecting peoples subject choice

A

Skelton

37
Q

who said two reasons that boys chose science

A

Alison Kelly

38
Q

who talked about subject choices being affected by three things

A

Anne Colley

39
Q

who talked about horizontal and vertical segregation

A

radical feminist Adkins

40
Q

what is horizontal segregation

A

when men and women occupy specific areas in terms of jobs eg boys more physical jobs and girls more caring jobs

41
Q

what is vertical segrigation

A

when men and women occupy the top positions in the workplace and women are clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy

42
Q

what are the four forms of masculinity according to connell

A

hegemonic masculinity complicit masculinity subordinate masculinity and marginalised masculinity

43
Q

who talked about four forms of masculinity

A

connell

44
Q

what is complicit masculinity

A

men who believe that men and women share roles within the family.

45
Q

what is subordinate masculinity

A

men who are less powerful and carry a lower status eg homosexual men

46
Q

what is marginalised masculinity

A

a masculine identity held by those men who did traditionally masculine jobs and now feel masculinity is under threat.

47
Q

who recognises a new hyper masculinity

A

sewell

48
Q

what did sewell say about hyper masculinity

A

displayed by black males who adopt an exaggerated version of hegemonic masculinity. sewell explains that this is due to being from a matriarchal background where they lack positive black male role models so the imitate those they see on the media.

49
Q

who talked about the concept of the new man

A

nixon and mort

50
Q

what did nixon say about the new man

A

after a levis advert it showed that it could be cool and acceptable for men t take the same amount of care over their personal appearance and clothes as women do

51
Q

what did mort say about the new man

A

men were starting to be sexualised in magazines at the same way women were

52
Q

what three things did anne colley say affected school subject choice

A

perceptions of gender roles
subject preferences
and learning environment

53
Q

what did connell say about changing gender identities

A

He says there are four types of masculinity:
Hegemonic masculinity, traditional/ dominant forms of masculinity within society.
Complicit masculinity, men who believe that men and women share roles within the family.
Subordinate masculinity, men who are less powerful and carry a lower status eg homosexual men
Marginalized masculinity, a masculine identity held by those men who did traditionally masculine jobs and now feel masculinity is under threat.

54
Q

what did mort say about changing gender identities

A

More men were being sexualisd, there were more male magazines, they advertised more toiletries for men, changes in consumption patterns

55
Q

what did nixon say about changing gender identities

A

More men were being sexualisd, there were more male magazines, they advertised more toiletries for men, changes in consumption patterns

56
Q

what did sharpe say about changing gender identities

A

Sharpe compared the attitudes of working-class girls in London schools in the early 1970s and then again in the 1990s In the 1990s the girls were more confident, more assertive, more ambitious and more committed to gender equality (in the 70s the focus of the girls was love, marriage, husbands and children).
The girls had less positive attitudes towards marriage as they had witnessed adult relationships breaking up around them (increase in divorce rates) - They had seen women coping alone in a ‘man’s world’.1970s - 67% of girls wanted to leave school at 16 or earlier - It was considered ‘unfeminine’ to work hard at school.
1990s - 67% wanted to stay in education at least until 18 - It was the boys in this study that considered it ‘unmasculine’ to concentrate on their studies.
Girls now outperform boys in education 1990s - Girls wanted to marry later and fewer wanted to have children - Focus was more on work than marriage and girls had expectations that males would help around the house and with child care. However they saw the idea of the “New Man” as a joke - The girls anticipated a future juggling work and domestic life.

57
Q

what did jackson say about changing gender identities

A

ladetts Gender can be ‘performed’ meaning that gendered norms are RELATIVE meaning they can change over time the people who dont conform to traditional masc and fem identities can be subject to ‘sanctions’ e.g. verbal harassment and bullying, even violence in extreme cases a ledette- was created in the UK media in the 1990s - Female version of the ‘lad’ they are portrayed in the meia Heavy drinking, loudness, coarseness, desire to party, confident, assertive, rude and crude, behaves boisterously - The media are critical and frequently hostile - Blamed for a rise in cancer rates, alcoholism, heart disease, child neglect, violence, crime and road traffic accidents. They also acted in a sexually promiscuous way

sociology paper 1 (8 decks)

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