gender identity Flashcards
sex meaning
biological difference between males and females
gender meaning
cultural classification, set of expectations set with being a boy/girl. it is socially constructed around how people should act
what is femininity/ masculinity
characteristics associated with being male/ female which has an effect on behaviours. the charictaristics can change based on where you are.
hegemonic femininity/ masculinity
the dominant/ traditional way we expect females/ males to behave
what does wilson argue
that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous. women on the other hand need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father of the child.
what does parsons say about role men and women have in a family
females have have an expressive role in the family males have a more instrumental role of breadwinner and protector
what do feminists say about gender identity
gender identity is socially constructed by a patriarchal society. by this they mean that male dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how males and females should be
manipulation in gender identity
encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour eg boys getting muddy when playing and girls not
what is canalisation in gender identity
parents directing childrens interest into certain toys and play eg buying girls dolls and boys trucks
what is verbal appellations in gender identity
parents using stereotypical feminine and masculine descriptions such as gentle girls and strong boys
what is domestic activities in gender identity
giving cultural expectations of future responsibilities eg helping with housework for girls
what does McRobbie say about the lack of research into girls involvement into youth subcultures
they struggled to get answers from girls and girls participated less in subcultures.
what was the culture of femininity and what did it involve and why did girls turn to it
friendship and a shared culture with other girls, it excludes boys and involves bestfriends where makeup and fashion is emphasized
they saw it as a stepping stone and they got out in pairs to find men instead of going out alone.
what does mcrobbie mean by bedroom culture
when girls would retreat away from the outside world and hide in their bedroom from men
how did sian lincoln update mcrobbies theory
bedroom culture does still exist but are no longer private as internet was more common the outside world was let in
what did billington say about media on gender identity
argues that the media presents masculinity as dominant and femininty as subordinate
what did the feminist nakusmura say about gender identity and the media
found that although women are stereotyped in the media, digital communication and the internet are being used by women from a range of different ethnic and class backgrounds as a forum for support when they face discrimination and inequality.
what are some negative impacts of the media on gender identity
there are more negative male role models that can voice their opinion and get support
bad self esteem
male sports are more covered
what are some positive impats of the media on the identity of women
there are more female role models
new films
more women in sport
laura gates, everyday sexism book
what was Fergusons study
a content analysis of womens magazines and counted the number of times a certain topic was covered. she concluded that the magazines were based around a cult of femininity which promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, marriage, and appearance.
what did mitsos and browne saw about education
boys do worse in education as teachers seemed to be less strict with the boys. boys were most likely to be described ad disruptive and boys are most likely to have a culture of masculinity which didnt value education achievements. with an anti learning culture which was reinforced by teachers in school.
how did willis’ study support the research of mitsos and browne
he studied boys that that an anti school culture.
what did skelton say about eduation
skelton argues that the hidden curiculum is perpetuating gender differences in ubject choice.
how is the hidden curriculum patriarchal
socialising boys into stem subjects-the higer paying jobs
english books are written by men
what was alison kellys study
he said there are two reasons why science is seen as a more masculine subject pictures that would interest boys in textbooks
and theyd dominate the class room by grabbing the equipment.
what does gist and wise mean
gist girls in science technology
women in science engineering.
who talked about the different forms of masculinity
Connell
who talked about expressive and intrumental gender roles
parsons
who talked about manipulation canalisation, verbal appellations and different activities.
Anne Oakley
who talked about bedroom culture
mc robbie
who updated mc robbies research
sian lincoln
who talked about men being dominant and women being subordinate in media
Billiton
who talked about media being a forum of support for women
Nakamura
who did a content analysis on female magazines
Ferguson
who talks about boys doing worse in school
mitsos and Browne
who talked about the hidden curriculum effecting peoples subject choice
Skelton
who said two reasons that boys chose science
Alison Kelly
who talked about subject choices being affected by three things
Anne Colley
who talked about horizontal and vertical segregation
radical feminist Adkins
what is horizontal segregation
when men and women occupy specific areas in terms of jobs eg boys more physical jobs and girls more caring jobs
what is vertical segrigation
when men and women occupy the top positions in the workplace and women are clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy
what are the four forms of masculinity according to connell
hegemonic masculinity complicit masculinity subordinate masculinity and marginalised masculinity
who talked about four forms of masculinity
connell
what is complicit masculinity
men who believe that men and women share roles within the family.
what is subordinate masculinity
men who are less powerful and carry a lower status eg homosexual men
what is marginalised masculinity
a masculine identity held by those men who did traditionally masculine jobs and now feel masculinity is under threat.
who recognises a new hyper masculinity
sewell
what did sewell say about hyper masculinity
displayed by black males who adopt an exaggerated version of hegemonic masculinity. sewell explains that this is due to being from a matriarchal background where they lack positive black male role models so the imitate those they see on the media.
who talked about the concept of the new man
nixon and mort
what did nixon say about the new man
after a levis advert it showed that it could be cool and acceptable for men t take the same amount of care over their personal appearance and clothes as women do
what did mort say about the new man
men were starting to be sexualised in magazines at the same way women were
what three things did anne colley say affected school subject choice
perceptions of gender roles
subject preferences
and learning environment
what did connell say about changing gender identities
He says there are four types of masculinity:
Hegemonic masculinity, traditional/ dominant forms of masculinity within society.
Complicit masculinity, men who believe that men and women share roles within the family.
Subordinate masculinity, men who are less powerful and carry a lower status eg homosexual men
Marginalized masculinity, a masculine identity held by those men who did traditionally masculine jobs and now feel masculinity is under threat.
what did mort say about changing gender identities
More men were being sexualisd, there were more male magazines, they advertised more toiletries for men, changes in consumption patterns
what did nixon say about changing gender identities
More men were being sexualisd, there were more male magazines, they advertised more toiletries for men, changes in consumption patterns
what did sharpe say about changing gender identities
Sharpe compared the attitudes of working-class girls in London schools in the early 1970s and then again in the 1990s In the 1990s the girls were more confident, more assertive, more ambitious and more committed to gender equality (in the 70s the focus of the girls was love, marriage, husbands and children).
The girls had less positive attitudes towards marriage as they had witnessed adult relationships breaking up around them (increase in divorce rates) - They had seen women coping alone in a ‘man’s world’.1970s - 67% of girls wanted to leave school at 16 or earlier - It was considered ‘unfeminine’ to work hard at school.
1990s - 67% wanted to stay in education at least until 18 - It was the boys in this study that considered it ‘unmasculine’ to concentrate on their studies.
Girls now outperform boys in education 1990s - Girls wanted to marry later and fewer wanted to have children - Focus was more on work than marriage and girls had expectations that males would help around the house and with child care. However they saw the idea of the “New Man” as a joke - The girls anticipated a future juggling work and domestic life.
what did jackson say about changing gender identities
ladetts Gender can be ‘performed’ meaning that gendered norms are RELATIVE meaning they can change over time the people who dont conform to traditional masc and fem identities can be subject to ‘sanctions’ e.g. verbal harassment and bullying, even violence in extreme cases a ledette- was created in the UK media in the 1990s - Female version of the ‘lad’ they are portrayed in the meia Heavy drinking, loudness, coarseness, desire to party, confident, assertive, rude and crude, behaves boisterously - The media are critical and frequently hostile - Blamed for a rise in cancer rates, alcoholism, heart disease, child neglect, violence, crime and road traffic accidents. They also acted in a sexually promiscuous way
