ethnic and national identity

Question 1

what is ethnicity

Answer 1

cultural differences between groups based on things such as religion, language, country, norms.

Question 2

what is race

Answer 2

percieved biological or physical differences between groups eg skin colour.

Question 3

what is an immigrant

Answer 3

someone who had moved from country to permanently reside in another

Question 4

1st 2nd 3rd wave immigrants

Answer 4

first= those who have moved themselves seconds= their children third= their grandchildren

Question 5

what is an asylum seeker

Answer 5

someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country eg due to was or religious prosecution

Question 6

what is an illegal immigrant

Answer 6

someone who is not legally entitled to live in a country they may have entered illegally or stayed without a visa

Question 7

what is racism

Answer 7

negative attitudes or behaviours towards a person/ group due to their racial or ethnic background

Question 8

what is institutional racism

Answer 8

when the way an organisation operates eg its policies and its practices have an unconscious effect on discrimination

Question 9

what is an ethnic group

Answer 9

a group who share the same cultural backgrounds.

Question 10

what is an ethnic minority groups

Answer 10

a group who share the same cultural background but which is different to that of the majority culture in the country they reside

Question 11

what is nationality

Answer 11

the country of origin.

Question 12

what is assimilations

Answer 12

when an ethnic minority group become absorbed into the ethnic majority and adopt their cultural norms and values

Question 13

what is integration

Answer 13

when ethnic minorities become part of the majority culture and adopt their norms and vales and cultural practices.

Question 14

what is cultural and ethnic resistance

Answer 14

when an ethnic minority group unite together and strengthen their own ethnic identities as a way of fighting/ resisting racism

Question 15

push factor definition

Answer 15

what is pushing people away from another country

Question 16

pull factors

Answer 16

what is pulling people towards a country

Question 17

according to cashmore and troyna how were immigrants to Britain treated

Answer 17

faces open hostility and racism, they faced discrimination in the workplace, education, and housing so they turned inwards which involved creating their own communities with people from the same ethnic backgrounds. this meant that they dint have to integrate into a racist culture,

Question 18

what sociologist referred to cultural resistance

Answer 18

hebdige

Question 19

hat did hebdige talk about

Answer 19

how ethnic minorities would assert their ethnic identities, Jamaicans would use Rastafarianism as a way to resist racism because it was their own culture and white people weren’t involved

Question 20

cultural hybridity

Answer 20

the mixing of 2 or more cultures together to create new cultures and identities, this has occurred in the uk due to immigration and the integration of some ethnic groups within the host community

Question 21

cultural homogenisation

Answer 21

the spread of one global culture generally based on western culture. this is a product of globalisation eg Americanisation.

Question 22

what did ghuman say about the family

Answer 22

found that tradition, religion, and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second generation Asians in the uk, and that asain children tend to be socialised into the extended family with the emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour, and religious commitment. parents thought they should chose their children marriage partners for them. they also taught their children the problems with premarital sex and love marriages. they would also often speak their mother language.

Question 23

what did anwar say about family

Answer 23

found that family can be a source of conflict for some asian children particularly around the issues of western clothes, arranged marriages, and freedom. girls tended to be given less freedom and are expected to conform to traditional roles of becoming mothers and wives. the younger generations mixed with people at school who hold different cultural values and this influences their identities. this can cause a culture clash and cause arguments.

Question 24

what 4 things did butler say about Asians

Answer 24

Second generation Muslims experience tensions between British and Asian culture which can strongly influence their attitudes towards their religion.
The family put pressure on the control of women and girls as it is believed that the whole future of their community rests with them
For these girls being Pakistani or Bangladeshi wasn’t important but they defined their ethnicity and identity as Muslim.
These Asian girls blamed their Asian identity for the focus on ‘traditional values’. These cultural values ‘controlled’ the girls and placed them within the home

Question 25

what did driver and Ballard say and how can we see this

Answer 25

Argue that Asian families place a great value on their children’s education. They push their children to have high ambitions and to gain the best possible grades.
This is reflected in the achievements of Indian pupils who do better than black and white groups on average at GCSE and this may lead them into certain types of career.

Question 26

what did archer and francis say

Answer 26

Cultural factors are important in explaining the success of British-Chinese students.
Educational success is part of their identity.
When boys engage in laddish behaviour they still maintain a commitment to school.

Parents also took a stronger role in developing their academic success.
They continually talked to their children about their future education and invested time and money in supporting their children even when they had little money to spare.
Parents were happy to push their children and were critical of white British parents who were seen as allowing failure to develop.

Question 27

what did coard argue

Answer 27

Coard argues that the curriculum which is taught in most British schools is ethnocentric – they focus on one particular culture – British culture. This is evidenced through the holidays which are given, the festivals which are celebrated and the focus of some subjects. For example, History lessons cover British history and English Literature looks at British novels.

Question 28

what did gilborn say

Answer 28

argues that black males are seen as a threat and disruptive by teachers. They negatively stereotype and label them. They are less likely to be entered for higher tier GCSE papers. This can lead to the self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 29

what did alexanders study show

Answer 29

Alexander’s study found that Asian youths in east London were unfairly targeted by police and the media.
The ‘myth’ of the Asian Gang was created whereby the media reported violent clashes between black and Asian gangs, creating a moral panic.
These clashes were exaggerated and Alexander argues that the Asian boys were criminalised as a result of Islamophobia.

Question 30

what did hall say about ethnic identities and the media

Answer 30

Hall
‘The White Eye’ States that traditionally films portrayed black people in one of 3 ways:
Natives
Entertainers or
Slaves.

‘The White Eye’ means we see the representation of ethnic minorities in a way that white directors etc see and present them, not a true reflection. But also seen more positively in music, TV and films now.

Question 31

what did moghissi state

Answer 31

Moghissi states that Muslims are ‘huddled together’ in the media. She found that since 7/7 and 9/11 a moral panic has been created surrounding Islam - Women are presented as victims of honour killings and males as terrorists.

Question 32

what did watson say about ethnic identity

Answer 32

He says that a generational gap is emerging in britain between muslims

Question 33

what did les back say about post modernism in ethnic identities

Answer 33

studied young people on a housing estate in South London. He found that white, black and Asian youths were all friends. They spoke the same slang, wore similar clothes and were interested in the same music styles. He claimed this was evidence of new ‘hybrid identities’ and that these youths were trying out new ‘cultural masks’

Question 34

what did gill say about post modernism in ethinc identity

Answer 34

studied British Asian students and identified a number of them as ‘Blasian’ meaning they adopted Black cultural styles and combined them with their Asian culture.

Question 35

what did burdsey say about post modernism in ethinc identity

Answer 35

Conflict between laddish behaviour (which may include drinking, gambling and watching porn) and Asian identity.
Asian footballers who succeeded often had dual identities. They adopted ‘white masks’ when with their football team mates.

Question 36

how is national identity socially constructed

Answer 36

through symbols such as the flag and anthems and rituals such as national holidays and festivals

Question 37

national identity in education

Answer 37

the national curriculum supports the ideology of nationalism and that the history lessons are a key factor in creating national identity.

Question 38

whats the sociologist that talks about education with national identity

Answer 38

phillips et al

Question 39

what are the 6 factors of the national identity

Answer 39

• a common language
• education
• national rituals
  -symbols
• the mass media
• the mass production of fashion and taste

Question 40

what does schuden say that socialises British people into national culture

Answer 40

a common language
education and ethnocentric curriculum
national rituals
symbols
the mass media
fashion

Question 41

who says that the quest to ‘find brutishness ‘ may have diluted Englishness

Answer 41

kumar

Question 42

who talked about the white backlash

Answer 42

hewitt

Question 43

what is a white backlash

Answer 43

white working classes thought that there was preferential treatment towards ethnic minorities, this was made apparent in the education system young white people said they felt victimised by teachers in comparison to their peers who were from ethnic minorities.

Question 44

who said that that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation

Answer 44

hall

Question 45

what were the three reactions hall talked about

Answer 45

They may accept a global culture, and all countries will become more similar – Cultural homogenisation
They may take in some parts of global culture and develop a new but still individual cultures – Cultural hybridity
They may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic – Cultural resistance

Question 46

who talked about the reason for cultural homogenisation

Answer 46

FAIRWEATHER AND ROGERSON -

Question 47

what were four reasons of cultural homogenisation according to FAIRWEATHER AND ROGERSON

Answer 47

Computer software not being localised therefore Microsoft for example reflects Western ways of thinking.
Advertising by the West is broadcast on a global scale therefore presents ideas on what is ‘desirable’.
Antisocial behaviour on the internet can reflect Western ideas about morality and deviance, for example accessing private information, racism, sexism and other forms of harassment.
Digital communication does not give rules or police morality and ethics that can occur in local cultures such as Western views regarding liberalism (for example the Egypt protests discussed previously).