Social Class Identities Flashcards
Macintosh & Mooney
Upper class
Upper class are invisible to other classes
* retreat into fee-paying schooling, transport, network
Scott
Upper class
Old boy network
* U/C form lifelong friendships during private school, and maintin their high status through inviting each other to exclusive events
Social closure
* immerse children into a culture of privelege and distinguish them from others
* encourage them to pick U/C marriage partners
Kenway
Upper class
social class/position more important to priv. educated students than states
girls maintained high self esteem by devaluing the achievements and status of state educated individuals
King & Raynor
Middle class
family encourages achivements and values deferred gratification
child centeredness
* prioritise child’s needs eg tutoring
family, role model, rewards/praise
Bourdieu
Middle class
education reinforces M/C identity through hidden curriculum, which rewards M/C values
M/C has high cultural capital
role model, imitation, rewards/sanctions
Goodwin
Middle class
Yummy Mummy
* M/C mothers define their deintities based off peer approval; defined off glamour/style
Saunders
Middle class
conspicuous consumption
* the consumption of luxuries in a way to influence how individuals are percieved
media targets M/C
* M/C has the highest disposable income aswell as being very conscious of their appearance
Wright
Middle class
contradictory class position
* they exploit W/C
* AND are exploited by U/C
3 resources should be controlled
* investment
* means of production
* labour power
Willis
Working class
Lads
* formed a counter school subculture
* had no interest in academic work - “sissy”, manual = superior
* subculture prepared them for the monotony of their future jobs
Mac An Ghail
Working class
macho lads subculture
* focused on heavy lifting, physical labour jobs that shaped their identity
* deindustrialisation –> crisis of masculinity, lads had no qualifications and could not work white collar
* women = breadwinner
Bowles & Gintis
Working class
education socialises individuals into W/C identity through hidden curriculum
* by transmitting ruling class values disguised as traditional values
* eg. obedient passive workers, through uniforms, dividing worker/boss etc.
Bourdieu
Working class
W/C have less cultural capital than higher classes, as they dont experience hidden curriculum
Mertens & D’haenens
Working class
digital divide
* W/C have less internet usage
* therefore, class is a big reason of divide, not gender etc.
Murray
Under class
UN/C are workshy, lazy, criminal and dependent on benefits.
UN/C consist of long term unemployed and single parents
EVALUATION; This is inaccurate as UN/C are disadvantaged due to lack of education, therefore cant get a job
Jordan
Under class
disagrees with murray
argues UN/C have same values and attitudes as rest of sicety, but are ashamed of not being able to provide; would work if they could
Pakulski & Waters
Post modernists - “has social class changed?”
shift from production to consumption
* we’re defined by what we buy, not what we do
Offe
Post modernists - “has social class changed?”
nowadays, less people are unified by full-time work
this USED to shape class identity
in contemporary UK, more people have opportunities that was previously limited to only the upper classes eg. Uni, travel etc.
Skegss
Post modernists - “has social class changed?”
W/C women have instrumental attitudes to work
* they work for the sake of money, it didnt shape their identities
New W/C women;
* Capitalism is effective
* society is meritocratic (fair to everyone) and anyone can experience social mobility (anyone can shift classes)
* Identity is shaped around popular culture, conspicuous consumption and consumer culture
