{ Media } Flashcards
1
Q
Mulhern
REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONALITY - Irish
A
Irish presented in 2 ways:
1 - homesick, drinking guiness, listening to ballads
2 - too successful to be homesick, making megabucks in the city, reporting wealth home via skype
2
Q
Vir, Hall and Foye
REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONALITY - Scottish
A
- Those living in the highlands feel under repped in media
- Scotland left behind in sport coverage, and an abusive drunk
3
Q
Graham
REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONALITY - Welsh
A
- Media forces nationals into TV programmes leading to ‘tokenism’.
- “Gavin and Stacey - it’s all [about] portraying Wales as thick”.
4
Q
Vir, Hall and Foye
(RTV)
REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIONALITY - Welsh
A
- Reality tv can be exploitative through shows eg dirty sanchez
5
Q
Van Dijk
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
- ethnic minorities presented in 5 ways:
- Criminals - mugger = stereotypically presented as black. SEEN IN TOP BOY; black criminals, white officers
- Abnormal - cultural practices of others = abnormal eg arranged marriage.SEEN IN BEND IT LIKE BECKHAM; Jess’ love for football contrasts traditional norms
- A threat - tabloid scares of immigrants taking jobs + using welfare SEEN IN “Immigrants ‘Taking Jobs’ from Britons, Say Critics of EU”
-The Guardian, 2016 - Dependent - images of less developed countries focus on “coup-war-famine-starvation syndrome”. SEEN IN Unicef adverts; african countries have no clean water, mud huts, disease
- Unimportant - Sir Ian Blair: media = institutionally racist; reports crime on black/asian more than whites. SEEN IN STUDY BY MEDIA STANDARDS TRUST (2012); 22% OF CRIME REPORTS ON BLACKS (3% OF POPULATION IN UK)
6
Q
Malik
(Rep?)
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
- whites: britain presented accurately multicultural. ethnics: presented very poorly.
- Broadcasters guilty of tokenism + stereotyping
- Culture of minorities ≠ accurate due to lack of them in positions of power in media
*
7
Q
Barker
(Eastenders)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● studied Eastenders: guilty of
stereotyping. eg Asians/Blacks =
Doctors/Shopkeepers.
● Were presented as having limited,
stereotypical traits.
● Key characters = white
8
Q
Husband & Hartman
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● media creates culture of racism by
focusing on conflict, and portraying
minorities as a source of problems
9
Q
Hall
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● Ethnic minorities depicted through the lens of a white director eg. slaves,
natives, entertainers
10
Q
Moghissi
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● media = muslims huddled together,
associated with terrorists + mistreat
women.
● Moral panic post 9/11 and 7/7
11
Q
Children Now - Fair Play
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● video games = white heroes,
minorities are villains or stereotypical
roles
12
Q
Malik
(RTV)
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● reality shows more inclusive eg
goggle box, BGT.
● Shift in representation in new
forms of media
● eg. YT/Tiktok/IG = black history
month posts, #’s and movements eg. #blm #stopasianhate
13
Q
Barker
(Eastenders)
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● Eastenders is changing; now
minorities represent london fairly,
blacks/asians have meaningful
stories and roles
14
Q
Hall
(ov/cov)
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
● refers to overt racism declining,
and inferential racism occuring.
● This is where a positive message is
being displayed, yet a racist
message subconsciously conveyed
eg. expect black person to be evil.
● This is positive as it shows racism
is no longer normalised
15
Q
Gill
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
16
Q
Nayak
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNICITY
A
17
Q
Tunstall
(MvW)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
A
- media: women = domestic, sexual, consumer, marital focused, ignoring the fact many women go to work.
- men = rarely nude/defined by marital or family status
18
Q
Tuchman
(sym)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
A
- symbolic annihilation of women: either presented stereotypically, or not all.
- Traditional ideals: mothers, housewives, sex objects.
19
Q
Ferguson
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
A
- cult of femininity: the idea that excellence for women is achieved through being family oriented and nurturing.
20
Q
Glascock
(Agg)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
A
- male/female aggression = physical/verbal.
- Differences found behind the camera, as women portrayed through male directors eyes.
21
Q
Katz
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
A
- Media’s inability to shift from stereotypical ideals of being a man leads to “epidemic of male violence”.
- TV/porn/ads/video games send subliminal and conscious messages reinforcing violent, sexist, homophobic ways of thinking.
- Men who agree with equality seen as doing it to “get laid”.
- Directors: don’t make characters who do this as “no one wants to watch” —> self fulfilling prophecy
22
Q
Easthorpe
(Bio)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
A
- hollywood Films, computer games transmir the view that masculinity based on strength competition aggression and violence is biologically determined and a natural goal for boys to achieve
23
Q
Gauntlett
(Mag+retr)
TRADITIONAL/NEGATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
A
- magazines aimed at men sexually identify women and picture traditionally masculine men.
- they also add retributive masculinity - a way to reaffirm masculine authority by glorifying what’s traditionally male
24
Q
Gill
(Ad+3)
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
A
- Significant shift in women in ads
- (passive objects of male gaze) → NOW active, independent, sexually powerful
- 3 core presentations of femininity
- Image of heterosexually desired midriff
- Vengeful sexy woman - punish male counterpart
- Hot lesbian - holding onto woman
25
Westwood
(Tr)
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
* Transgressive female roles in british TV
* This means breaking hegemonic social and moral norms
* This empowers women
26
Glascock
(Ww)
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
* Supports Westwood; range of independent women in media
* Eg. Tomb Raider - Lara Croft is physically strong and clever (archaeologist)
27
Gauntlett
(Rng+ap)
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF FEMININITY
* Media presents range of gendered images/ideas
* This gives people diversity of choice when creating their gender identities
* Younger audiences open to female lead characters
* However lead females have focus on appearance
* Male lead characters now have thoughtful/caring side
* Eg. spiderman 3
28
Gauntlett (2008)
(Ind)
* Magazines aimed at young women promoted independence
* Female popstars eg Lady Gaga promote financial/emotional independence
* Eg. “I’m a woman of choice”
* Friends Sitcom = men/women more equal
29
Easthorpe
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
* magazines now promoting;
* Emotional vulnerability
* Being in touch with emotions
* Treating women as equal
* Caring about appearance
* Fatherhood
30
Nixon
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
* The New Man; 1985 Levi’s ad, acceptable to care for appearance
31
Mort
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
* Increase in hair gel/cologne etc
32
Whannel
## Footnote
CHANGING/POSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF MASCULINITY
* David Beckham presented in contrasting ways
* looks, football, competitive, committed = traditional real man
* Family oriented, spends a lot of time effort and money on his image = metrosexuality
33
Nairn
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UPPER CLASS
* Monarchy’s power = close ties to media
* Reinvented themselves as “Royal Family” - relatable
* A family that is “like us but not like us”
* Eg. The princess of Wales visits South of Wales
* Royalty reinforces sense of nationality
* Queen = figurehead, affects calendar, attends sports
34
Leech
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MIDDLE CLASS
* m/c lifestyle = “ideal”
* Media created “cereal packet family”
* Socially constructed image of what a family “should be”
* eg cheerios ad
35
Jones
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MIDDLE CLASS
* m/c over repped in media
* Media is closed shop for m/c
* Media rep of m/c is + as its created by m/c journalist
* newspapers/magz targeted towards m/c lifestyles
36
Ehrenreich
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MIDDLE CLASS
* m/c often presented as knowledgeable, and helping w/c ‘s problems
* w/c presented as beneficiaries, and subject of discussion my m/c experts
* eg. Supernanny
37
Newman
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING CLASS
* Media hyper-fixates on wealth to distract w/c
* cars/holidays gives w/c unrealistic “goals” to achieve
* Makes wealth appear “deserved”
* Justifies ruling class’ position
38
Dodd and Dodd
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING CLASS
* Eastenders = presents nostalgic view of w/c communities
* However this does not accurately reflect the modern day w/c
39
Jones
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING CLASS
* His book “Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Classes”
* Discusses how the word chav is used to condemn and belittle the w/c
* Chavtainment: how the media presents w/c as negative; bigoted slothful and aggressive
* eg. Little Britain
40
Baumberg et al
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UNDERCLASS
* 29% of news stories referenced benefits fruad
* Govt. said 0.7%
* Benefits = undeserving:
* Fraud and dishonest (“faking”)
* Dependent (“underclass”)
* Lack of effort (“lazy, scrounger”)
* Outsider status (“immigrant”)
41
Golding and Middleton
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UNDERCLASS
* Content analysis
* Welfare issues not discussed unless they were connected to other social issues
42
Price
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UNDERCLASS
* Developed concept of poverty porn
* Refers to the media exploiting participants of TV shows and their lifestyles to entertain
* eg. Benefits Street, Jeremy Kyle
43
Nairn
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF UPPER CLASS
* Whilst traditionally positive, it’s changed
* Media headlines; “The Monarchy’s laughing stock” (Prince Harry) - The Guardian
44
Reiner
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF UPPER CLASS
* Social mobility promoted in media
* Representations of the wealthy focus on their hard work, success and meritocracy
* Molly Mae: “everyone has the same 24 hours in a day”
45
Draper
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF MIDDLE CLASS
* Modern middle class goes together like strawberries and herrings
* m/c is now very diverse
46
Devereux
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING CLASS
* Media = positive and realistic w/c portrayals
* The Royle Family - not welfare etc., generous, content, grateful
47
Dodd and Dodd
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF WORKING CLASS
* Eastenders - broach issues eg. drug/alcohol abuse, crime such as rape/murder, suicide, abortion, homosexuality
48
Price
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF UNDERCLASS
* Discourse analysis (how is language used)
* Shows eg. Benefits Street present characters as decent/compassionate people captured by unfair society
* However, this is often missed by viewers
49
Heintz- Knowles
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* content analysis of children’s shows
* children motivated by romance, not school
* characters engage in antisocial, with + outcome
* minority children underrepresented
* whilst b/g equally rep, b = use physical agg, g = show affection
* this stereotypical representation creates moral panic, young ppl live up to this label
* Eg Simpsons - Bart pranks and gets away with it
50
Landis
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* stereotypes
* grumpy old man
* feisty old woman
* mentally deficient
* have wisdom
51
Cuddy & Fiske
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* In US TV shows, only 1.5% featured elderly
* Usually played minor, comedic roles
* Depicted their mental, physical and sexual capacities as ineffective
52
Griffin
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* media portrays youth as:
* dysfunctional (no positive function)
* suffering a deficit (always feeling disadvantaged; excuses)
* deviant (against societal norms)
53
Wayne
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* 82% out of 286 stories with young people as main subject featured them as perpetrators/victims of crime
* Stories ignored how young ppl are affected by housing/education/health problems
54
Women in Journalism
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
Study called Hoodies or Altar Boys, examined how teenage boys were presented in news
1. Negative language eg. thugs, brutes, scum
2. More stories on teens and crime than anything else
3. Few stories showed them positively
4. 85% teen boys; “news = negative, but reality TV = fair portrayal”
5. Teens very weary of other teens due to media stories
55
Kelly
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* Journalist language of young people;
* Dangerous
* In need of protection
* Immature
56
Cohen
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* Media portrays youth as dangerous and deviant
57
Milner et al
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* Media dont show an equal portrayal of aging
* To do this, they should show the challenges AND active aging
58
Carrigan and Szmigin
## Footnote
TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* studied old people in media
* whilst older consumers are growing, less likely to be portrayed in ads
* smelly and incontinent (cant control bowels)
59
Examples of tv dramas that show realistic portrayals of childhood
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* Wonder
* Gravity Falls
60
Postman
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* The idea of childhood has disappeared as a result of children interacting with the media
* Children are sexualised within the media
* Media creates a world where adults/children share same music,sports,language,literature,films
* Children wear adult clothing eg heels, dresses
* Internet leads to children being exposed to adult content
61
Osgerby
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH
* Recurring theme of “youth as trouble”
* Media changes reflect cultural developments and the spirit of the times
* 50/60s - youth represented positively due to post-war prosperity and hope
* 70/80s - youth linked to rebellion and breaking norms eg. protests
* Eg. jude bellingham, greta thunberg, luke littler
62
Lee et al
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* Old ppl under repped
* 15% of ads
* But of those, 90% were positive
* Elderly portrayed as “golden agers”, enjoying healthy active lifestyles
* Gender diffs
* Old men - more visible in the media, assoc. With high status and work
* Old women - assoc. Family and poverty
63
Biggs
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* Larger number of old people appearing in soaps
* Old people repped as more active
64
Carrigan and Szmigin
## Footnote
CHANGING REPRESENTATIONS OF ELDERLY
* Advertisers were now targeting older people as consumers due to the grey pound
* This leads to an increasing amount of positive images/role models
* Grey pound = old ppl have a lot of money and are an important consumer group
65
Marxism
The Media is part of the superstructure which is influenced and controlled by capitalism (the infrastructure)
66
Neo Marxism
Continued to look at the important role of the media in maintaining ruling class interests and hegemony (dominance)
67
Pluralism
Pluralists claim that media representations are problematic because they reflect society and what people want to see
68
Feminism
Traditionally patriarchal ideology (e.g. women seen in housewife roles) can be seen in media representations although
69
POSTMODERNISM
Postmodernists discuss diversity and choice in media images which people can pick and choose from
70
Milliband
## Footnote
Marxism
* r/c use media to present false picture of reality
* This presents capitalism in a positive way
* This is done to control society
* Inequalities presented as inevitable, justifiable and effective for society
* : proletariat accept r/c values
* Media = opium of the people
* Numbs senses, distracts from reality of exploitation from bourgeoisie
71
Curran
## Footnote
Marxism
* Press barons open about propagandist role
* 20th century = openly supported conservatives, serve interest of wealthy owners
* Later 20th cent - politicians try to get in favour of media owners
* Media owners have immense power
* Eg tony blair flew to meet rupert murdoch
72
Bagdikian
## Footnote
Marxism
* 1983 - 50 corporations controlled media in USA
* 2004 - 7 corp
73
Doyle
## Footnote
Marxism
* Examining media ownership = important because:
* 1. All POV must be heard for society to be democratic
* 2. Abuse of power by elites must be monitored by free media
* Concentration of ownership = dangerous; can make/break political careers
74
Sutton Trust
## Footnote
Neo Marxism
* Unconscious reporter bias
* Journalists mostly white, m/c, male, 50% priv educ
* Unconsciously promote ruling class norms values ideologies
75
Gilroy
## Footnote
Neo Marxism
* Certain groups that threaten white middle-class male position are marginalised and stereotyped in media
* Gilroy argues that black crime in the 70s was a form of political resistance and denies there was greater criminality in black people
* Media tends to create a folk devil surrounding black people (scapegoating)
* This generated deviancy amplification
76
Hall
## Footnote
Neo Marxism
* In the media, black people portrayed as natives, entertainers or slaves
* Media reflects unconscious racism where black and Asian people seen as the source of social problems
* For example, being labelled as troublemakers in news coverage of riots where the media defends law and government
* Hollywood groups up people portraying them negatively
77
The Glasgow Media Group
## Footnote
Neo Marxism
* Immigrants and asylum seaters labelled as the route of working class issues
* These social groups stereotyped in a negative way
* The GGM found a range of recurring themes in media
* Here are the three points in a more concise bullet point format:
* Conflation of forced/economic immigration – Some immigrants flee due to necessity, while others seek better opportunities. Merging these groups creates misunderstandings.
* Threatening numbers – Some media exaggerate immigration figures, creating unnecessary fear.
* A burden – Immigration is often framed as a strain on welfare and job markets, ignoring potential benefits.
78
Whale
## Footnote
Pluralism
* Media professionals and owners compete for audiences, ensuring fair and balanced representation.
* Coverage reflects societal changes, supporting the pluralist view.
* Readers/audiences influence media content.
* If social groups were misrepresented, audiences would reject the media.
* Audiences can recognize stereotypes and manipulation, so the media is not solely responsible for bias.
79
Williams
## Footnote
Pluralism
* Journalists are essential in a democratic society, providing information for public participation.
* Media plays a crucial role in representing different social groups.
* A free press is vital for democracy; censorship leads to biased views.
* Pluralists argue that even traditionally conservative newspapers critique conservative policies when necessary.
80
Fourth estate of Democracy
## Footnote
Pluralism
* News Channels – 24/7 coverage, live events, expert analysis, but can be simplified and potentially biased.
* Tabloid Press vs. Broadsheets – Tabloids use strong, emotional language; broadsheets are more detailed and formal.
* Social Media – Instant news access, direct discussions with politicians, but can spread misinformation.
* Political Broadcasts – Interviews, debates, and discussions give insight into politicians’ views and how they handle pressure.
* Party Political Broadcasts – Short TV/radio slots promoting policies to persuade voters before elections.
81
Mulvey
## Footnote
Feminism
* male gaze characterises media as an instrument of male spectatorship
* eg. transformers - hypersexualises female characters
82
Wolf
## Footnote
Feminism
* Women socialised to conform to the beauty myth
* This is the idea that women must be fit “the ideal woman” in shape size and weight
* This ideal is seen as a backlash against the women movement
* This develops a false consciousness, so women don't try to improve their societal position
83
Whelehan
## Footnote
Feminism - RECENT
* Mens magazines dismiss feminism as an ironic joke
* Also promote laddish subculture
* Eg. FHM, Loaded, Maxim
84
McRobbie
## Footnote
Feminism - RECENT
* Magazines impact identity – They shape Western ideals of femininity and beauty.
* ‘Discourse of Western enlightened values’ – Magazines promote specific values.
* Promotion of the ‘ideal’ – Emphasizing lifestyle, love, and beauty.
* Magazines generate ‘values’ – Presenting a version of hegemonic femininity.
* Criticism of celebrity gossip magazines – Heat and Closer focus heavily on fashion.
* Readers trapped in cycles of anxiety and self-confession – Due to media pressures.
85
McLuhan
## Footnote
Postmodernism - Globalisation
* Global village - info passed electrically at the speed of light
* Globalisation means people have more choice when forming their identities
* Info from all corners of the world shared instantly
86
Strinati
## Footnote
Postmodernism - Media Saturation
* Media saturated due to the variety of media sources
* Ppl connected with devices daily, so help ppl form identity
* Media now diverse, no stereotypes
* Erosion of identity - no longer use media to form identity
* Boundaries between groups now blurred
87
Baudrillard
## Footnote
Postmodernism - Media Saturation
* Media saturation has negative impact on society
* Media simplifies for audiences - media owners control what audience sees as real
* Hyper-reality; physical and virtual reality merged - this makes it harder to tell what’s real and what’s fake
* Simulacra - Something that replaces reality with its representation eg photoshop
* Fake news very prominent
88
Weeks
## Footnote
SEXUAL IDENTITY REMAINS TRADITIONAL AS HETEROSEXUALITY IS SEEN AS THE NORM
* gays will point out "I am gay", others won't
* have to declare your belonging to something else
89
Plummer
## Footnote
SEXUAL IDENTITY REMAINS TRADITIONAL AS HETEROSEXUALITY IS SEEN AS THE NORM
* homsexuality is a process
* **homosexual career** - a male who has accepted the label of homosexual will seek out others and join a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics are the norm
90
Mac An Ghaill
## Footnote
PEERS REINFORCE TRADITIONAL HETEROSEXUAL IDENTITY
* heterosexual boys preoccupied with the **3 f's**
* football, fighting and f###ing
* this would suppress many emotions
* fear, intimidation or love were all feminised and condemned, unlike anger
* therefore, they grow up to be emotionally unexpressive adults, damaging the boys and society
91
Rich
## Footnote
WOMENS SEXUALITY HAS BEEN OPPRESSED IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
* women's sexuality oprpressed through institutes such as *marriage, sexual violence and objectification of women*
**compulsory heterosexuality**
* women socialised into subordinate role so they're "available" for men
* lesbian identity seen as a threat to men
92
Equality Act 2010
## Footnote
SEXUAL IDENTITIES ARE CHANGING DUE TO NEW LAWS
* unlawful to discriminate against anyone on the grounds of sexuality in workplace, public sector, education etc.
93
McCormack
## Footnote
SEXUAL IDENTITIES ARE CHANGING DUE TO PEERS
* initially homophobia rose from conservatives who were traditional; *nuclear family*
* less social capital = less open gay
* S.28 Equality Act 2010, Every Child Matters policy has impacted attitudes towards sexuality
* schools promote diversity/sexualities
94
Jackson
## Footnote
SEXUAL IDENTITIES ARE CHANGING DUE TO WOMEN BEING LESS OPPRESSED
* **ladettes**
* much more open and liberated about their sexual encounters
* more **open** about being promiscuous
95
Anderson
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS TRADITIONAL AS PEOPLE IN A COUNTRY ACT AS AN IMAGINED COMMUNITY
* nation = **imagined community**
* never meet fellow members
* national identity = *socially constructed* through symbols eg flags/anthems
* through the media, we are encouraged to get behind our nation's interests
96
Phillips et al
## Footnote
EDUCATION SYSTEM SOCIALISES INDIVIDUALS INTO A TRADITIONAL NATIONAL IDENTITY
* **national curriculum** supports ideology of nationalism
* history lessons = key factor in national identity
* taught through the eyes of the country taught in
* shared sense of involvement and identity
97
Schuden
## Footnote
BRITISH PEOPLE SOCIALISED INTO COMMON NATIONAL CULTURE AND IDENTITY THROUGH VARIOUS MEANS
* eg common language - english
* eg education - history
* eg symbols - monarch
98
Sardar
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS CHANGING DUE TO CHANGES IN NORMS/VALUES IN UK
* world is in the middle of identity crisis
* no longer east vs west / capitalism vs communism
* historical english traditions seen as meaningless to current population
99
Hewitt
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS CHANGING DUE TO ENGLISH IDENTITY BEING PORTRAYED NEGATIVELY
* Britain has seen **white backlash** from w/c whites
* pereferential treatment of ethnic minorities
* in a fight between white vs minority, white more likely to be in trouble as it is assumed it was a racial fight
* *education system can create/reinforce national identities*
100
McLuhan
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS CHANGING DUE TO GLOBALISATION CAUSING CULTURAL HOMOGENISATION
* predicted **global village** would occur
* internet means world is **interconnected**
* as it moves at the speed of light, new patterns of communication is created
* distant events presented with personal dimension
* communities across the world are entwined with one another's affairs
101
Les Back
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS CHANGING DUE TO MULTICULTURALISM CAUSING CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
* ethnographic study of 2 council estates
* whites, blacks, asians formed new shared culture - **neighborhood nationalism**
--> a feeling of solidarity and common identity with people from the same area
102
Hall
| SUPPORTS HEWITT + MCLUHAN + LESBACK
## Footnote
NATIONAL IDENTITY IS CHANGING DUE TO GLOBALISATION CAUSING **CULTURAL HOMOGENISATION, CULTURAL HYBRIDITY AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE**
* suggests that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation;
* They may *accept* a global culture, and all countries will become more *similar* – **Cultural homogenisation**
* They may take in *some* parts of global culture and develop a *new* but still *individual* cultures – **Cultural hybridity**
* They may *resist* global culture and fiercely *protect* their cultural heritage, becoming more *traditional* and nationalistic – **Cultural resistance**
103
Shakespeare
## Footnote
PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY FACE DIFFICULTIES, LEADING TO A VICTIM MENTALITY (TRADITIONAL)
* disabled are socialised into seeing themselves as victims due to their impairment
* use as a reason for failure
* lack of positive role models
* treated with pity and awkwardness
104
Ridley
## Footnote
DISABILITY IS A TRADITIONAL AS IT'S REINFORCED BY AWKWARD TREATMENT
* Scope UK charity
* 4/5 = "**not yet disabled**"
* treat equally, not awkwardly
105
Barnes
## Footnote
DISABILITY IS A TRADITIONAL DUE TO LACK OF POSITIVE MEDIA MODELS
* representations in media traditionally negative + stereotyped
* rarely presented as having their own identity
* eg. in need of pity/charity, as victims (killed in shows), villains, burdens, sexually abnormal
106
Murugami
## Footnote
DISABILITY IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY NORMALISED
* to create an identity that accepts impairment, they must see themselves as a person first, and a disability as a characteristic
* to do this, they must reconstruct what is considered "normal"
* very few are able bodied their whole lives
* see disability as a condition, not an impairment that sets people apart from society
107
Equality Act 2010
## Footnote
LEGISLATION IS BEING INTRODUCED TO PROTECT
* prevents discrimination
108
Media Role Models
## Footnote
MORE POSITIVE ROLE MODELS WITH DISABILITIES
* Richard Branson (dyslexic) - owns virgin group
* James Lebrecht (spina bifida) - activist for disabled rights
* Haben Girma (blind/deaf) - increases access for disabled to books
