Gender Identities Flashcards
Oakley
FAMILY SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
Family creates/reinforces gender identity through
manipulation
* enoucraging/discouraging gender appropriate behaviour
* eg. paying attention to girls appearance, boys strength
canalisation
* parents guide children into gender appropriate behaviour
* eg. buying girls dolls, boys cars
verbal appelations
* parents use stereotypical feminine/masculine descriptions
* eg. gentle girl, strong boy
domestic activities
* give activities that reinforce gender norms
* eg. girls clean house, boys do construction
McRobbie
FAMILY SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL FEMININE
Culture of femininity
* friendship/culture with other girls made life bearable
* girls had a very close best friend
* would desire to attract a man
Bedroom culture
* girls participate less in subcultures
* girls faced a restrictive future; lacked qualifications
* girls retreated from outside world / boys
Billington
MEDIA SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
media presents masc dominant, fem subordinate
Nakuamura
MEDIA SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL FEMININE
internet/forums being used increasingly amongst women of ALL ethnic backgrounds as a forum for support when they face inequality or discrimination
Ferguson
MEDIA SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL FEMININE
content analysis of womens magazines (how many times does a certain topic come up in a media text)
concluded; womens magazines built around cult of femininity; promotes idea that excellence achieved through nurturing, family, appearance
Skelton
EDUCATION SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
hidden curriculum responsible for perpetuating gender differences in subject choice
feminists say hidden curriculum is patriarchal; learn about male achievements
Kelly
EDUCATION SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
science = masculine subject
* textbooks feature boys and examples that interest boys (eg footballs/cars)
* boys dominate classrooms by shouting out or grabbing eqp. first
WEAKNESS = resources have changed, boys grab eqp to mess around
Colley
EDUCATION SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
subject choices are affected by:
Perception of gender roles
* whether pupil chooses stereotypical subjects depends on the extent they’ve been socialised
* strong gender identities = more likely to pick stereotypical subjects
Subject preferences
* subjects chosen based off perception of what’s required
* girls put off IT due to independent PC work, attracted to sociology due to talking/collaberation
Learning environment
* depends on single/mixed sex schools
* single sex = more likely to pick maths/science
Mitsos & Browne
EDUCATION SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL MASCULINE
boys do less well than girls in GCSEs.
They argued that this is due to the teachers being less strict with boys, giving them more leeway, and not pushing them to full potential, and labelling boys as disruptive. Boys had a culture of masculinity, which didnt value educational acheivement, hindering their ability to achieve. These** norms/values + anti-learning subculture** was reinforced by teachers, socialising boys into their gender roles.
Willis
EDUCATION SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL MASCULINE
Willis’ study supports Mitsos & Browne
Boy’s anti-school identity reinforced by teachers not pushing them
Adkins
WORKPLACE SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL
Horizontal segregation
* Labour market segregated so men/women occupy specific types of jobs
* eg. women=catering, men=physical
Vertical segregation
* Labour market segregated so men occupy top spots, women clustered at bottom
* eg. women=servers, men=manager
Willis
WORKPLACE SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL MASCULINE
- workplace = key source of identity for W/C males
- hegemonic role to be breadwinner
- due to anti-school, didn’t work hard, no qualificataions, and worked blue collar
- felt they were destined to follow in fathers footsteps
Mac An Ghaill
WORKPLACE SOCIALISES INTO TRADITIONAL MASCULINE
- due to deindustrialisation, men couldn’t work manual labour
- lost key source of identity - crisis of masculinity
- boys worked harder as they didn’t want to be destined to work manual labour (as labour workers couldn’t be the main breadwinner, women were)
Postmodernists; what do they say?
- range of gender identities
- traditional and less traditonal
- eg. housewife, single mother
- they highlight the importance of recognising new gender identities
- eg. laddettes
Connell
SOCIETAL CHANGE SOCIALISES INTO NEW MASCULINE
Hegemonic masculinity
* traditional masculine eg. Oakley
Complicit masculinity
* men who believe men/women should share roles eg. New Man
Subordinate masculinity
* less powerful masculinity eg. McCormack
Marginalised masculinity
* traditional feel threatened as their jobs are being taken by machines eg. Mac An Ghaill
