Social Class Diffs In Attainment : Internal Flashcards
What is labelling?
Attaching a meaning to someone eg a teacher might label a student bright.
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
The self fulfilling prophecy is when teachers treat students differently based on their label and the student comes to believe that label internalising it so it becomes a part of them
What did Becker do ?
Carried out a study on labelling. Interviewed 60 Chicago high school teachers and found they judged pupils according to how much they fitted the ideal pupil schema. The ideal pupil was used as a reference point. Pupils who did not meet the criteria were more likely to receive negative labels.
What did rist do ?
Analysed how a teacher used the home background of kindergarten students to segregate them into different groups. Found teachers grouped students based on their socio economic background. Created tigers, cardinals and clowns. Longitudinal study found the pupils lived upto these labels 10 years later.
What did dune and gazeley say?
Schools produce working class underachievement because of the labels and assumptions of teachers. Interview in 9 English state secondary schools and found teachers normalise the underachievement of working class pupils. This was because they labelled working class parents as disinterested and so led to differences in how teachers perceived the pupils.
What did rosenthal and Jacobson say?
Research in Californian primary school. Pygmalion in the classroom study. Gave fake IQ tests and randomly selected 20% as ‘bright’ and 10% as less able. Researchers informed the school and retested them a year later. Those ‘less able’ tended to regress in their testing. This is a result of labelling.
What is setting and streaming?
Streaming involves separating pupils into different ability groups of classes called streams. Each ability group is then taught separately from others in all subjects study show that self prophecy is particularly likely to occur when children are streamed. 
What did Stephen Ball say ?
beachside comprehensive ball looked at the impact of setting where pupils were placed in one of three bands based on information received from their primary schools. There were a disproportionate number of children from middle-class homes placed in the top band on entry most of the peoples were conformist however as time went on bold noted behaviour became more polarised. Those in the top band continued to work hard. Those in the middle band had deteriorating performance pupils in the last band generally had special educational needs. All a result of teacher expectations.
What did Gilborn and youdell say?
Studied to London secondary schools found teachers used stereotypical notions of ability to stream pupils. There were less likely to see black students as having ability so they were placed into low streams and therefore lower exams. 
What is educational triage?
Students being placed into groups by their predicted performance from schools
What did Diane Reay do?
Conducted interviews with individual students in two secondary schools. In one school the students in the bottom set were all working class. Working class students were seen us inadequate learners. Experiences were similar in the second school despite having mixed ability groups.
What are pupil subcultures?
People subculture is a group of people who share similar values at behaviour buttons and they often emerge as a response to the pupils have been labelled and every reaction to streaming.
What did Lacy say ?
Concepts of differentiation and polarisation explain how pupil subcultures develop. Differentiation is how teachers categorise pupils according to their perceptions and streaming is a form of differentiation since it categories of pupils. polarisation is how pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two extremes pro school or Anti school subculture.
What did archer say?
Working class investment in Nike identities is not only a cause of their educational marginalisation but also an active positive preference for a particular lifestyle and the conscious rejection of the system which does not fit their way of life and identity
What is habitus
Habitus refers to the dispositions taken for granted ways of thinking and acting that are shared by particular social class It includes their tasks and preferences about lifestyle and consumption outlook on life expectations about what is normal and realistic. Middle-class habitus has power to define its habitus as superior and impose it on the education system.
