Social Class Diffs In Attainment: External

Question 1

What does material deprivation mean?

Answer 1

The inability to afford basic resources which can impact pupils educational achievement.

Question 2

What did smith and Nobel say about housing ?

Answer 2

Cold, damp and undesirable housing is material deprivation. A child may not have a desk or educational recourses and may have a difficult home life

Question 3

What did Gibson and Astana say about diet and health ?

Answer 3

Found correlation between low household income and poor educational performance. higher levels of sickness equals more time off school 

Question 4

What did Howard say about diet and health?

Answer 4

Young people from poor homes have low intakes of energy vitamins and minerals. poor nutrition affects health resulting in more absences from school. 2011 12% of children experience food poverty.

Question 5

What did tanner say about costs of education ?

Answer 5

Cost of items like books, uniform trips and calculators places a heavy burden on families. children may have hand downs as a result causeing impossible stigmatisation from peers. 

Question 6

What did gibbson and Asthana say about cost of education?

Answer 6

Less able to afford hidden costs, tuition fees and loads could cause anxiety. 

Question 7

What did Cal and Jackson say about fear of debt? 

Answer 7

Found 2000 prospective students are more debt adverse they saw debt negatively as something to be avoid. so more costs the benefits of going to uni. 

Question 8

What did reay say about fear of debt?

Answer 8

Working class students more likely to go to local uni so they can stay home and save on costs. 

Question 9

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 9

Cultural deprivation is where a person has inferior norms values and skills compared to another person.

Question 10

What did Sugarman say about working class subculture?

Answer 10

The working class subculture consists of:
Immediate gratification focus on the pleasures of the present rather than future reward.
Present time orientation being more focused on the present.
To except your situation rather than putting in effort to try and change it.
Collectivism place in more emphasis on loyalty to a group rather than your individual achievements.

Question 11

What did Hyman say about working class subcultures?

Answer 11

Claimed working class families had a self-imposed barrier Often short term oriented and perceive their own position pessimistically.

Question 12

What did Douglas say about influence of parents? Why did children from lower classes do worse in education?

Answer 12

Followed educational careers of 5362 British children born in 1946. Divided students into groups in terms of ability also divided into 4 social class groups. Found significant differences between people in similar ability groups but different social classes. 50% working-class group left secondary school in the 5th compared to 10% of the upper Middle class group.

Question 13

What was Feinsteins research about on influence of parents ?

Answer 13

Conducted research on the factors affecting success use data from the national child development survey and the British cohort study. Claimed the main factor influenceing in childhood attainment was parental interest and support. He also saw class differences.

Question 14

What does restricted code mean?

Answer 14

Shorthand speech that is understood by a wide variety of people

Question 15

What does elaborated codes mean?

Answer 15

Explicitly verbalises many of the meanings that are taken for granted

Question 16

What did Bernstein say about about language?

Answer 16

Argued that working class and the middle class used different language codes he argued that one was not superior to the other. They were different and more importantly that the education system uses one but not the other. middle classes have a greater chance of success in interviews reading and writing working class are more likely to find it hard to communicate to read text books and exam questions And write in subjects that are essay based.

Question 17

What is cultural capital?

Answer 17

Cultural capital refers to the knowledge attitudes and abilities of the middle-class middle-class culture is a type of like wealth because it gives those that possess it an advantage

Question 18

What did Bourdieu say about habitus and cultural capital?

Answer 18

Define cultural capital and was heavily influenced by marxist ideas . The children of middle-class are more likely to have knowledge behaviour and cultural experiences that ensures they succeed education.

Question 19

What is habitus?

Answer 19

The values attitudes and qualities held by a particular group. Habitus is learned in primary socialisation and contains a set of assumptions about what counts as good and bad. The middle class habitus is the more valued habitus.

Question 20

What is culture clash?

Answer 20

Middle-class culture is also the dominant culture in most schools And schools place higher value on middle-class knowledge the middle-class children tend to fit in. Working class children experience a culture clash.

Question 21

What did archer say about culture clash?

Answer 21

I’m a Nike person. one of the reasons for lower participation in higher education from the working class was the culture clash between the habitus of working-class people and the environment of high education which was better suited to the habitus of white middle-class who knew the rules of the game. Development of these Nike identities these students to clash with teachers over wearing trainers instead of shoes or wearing make-up and jewelry.

Question 22

What did Gerwitz,ball and bowe say about school choice?

Answer 22

Middle-class parents use their cultural social and material capital to ensure that their children get the best out of education system. Class parents have wide knowledge more informed research of choices available. Middle-class parents more able to move house or cheat to get into the best schools. middle class parents have a word for advice and can use this social capital to support their children through education.

Question 23

What does Reay say about school choice?

Answer 23

Working class mothers are just as involved with their children’s education however middle-class mothers have more cultural capital available through them middle-class mothers have more of an understanding of how the education system works. they are often more confident and dealing with teachers and when problems occur at school they are able to help their children for example homework. More than half of Middle mothers have house cleaners and/or aupairs giving them more time with their children.