Social Class And Ethnicity And Crime Flashcards
What did the Lammy report (2017) find black ppl make up in prison pop compared to general pop
Make up 3% of general pop but 12% of general pop
Black males 4x more likely to have DNA stored for longer than whiyes
How many times more likely to be arrested than whites in 2021
3x more likely than whites
How do victim surveys relate to ethnicity
They ask respondent if they have been victim of crime and can be asked to indentify ethnicity of attacker
Commonly reported ethnicity of ‘mugger’ is black.
Crime can be infra-ethnic. British crime survey in 2007 found 90% of crime where the victim was white at least one offender was white
How do bowling and Phillips critisws victim surveys
They said victims over-identity bland people saying their offender was black when they weren’t really sure
How can police use stop and search and what are stats for black and Asian peoooke?
Police use their powers if they have ‘reasonable suspicioun’ of wrongdoing
Compared to white peoioek black people 3x more likely to be stopped
Since 2000 terrorise act police can stop and search anyone suspected to be terrorise without reasonable suspicion
So stats for 2006-7 found Asian 3x more likely to be stopped and searched under terrorism act
What is definition of institutional racism?
Any kind of system of inequality based on race and can occur in institutions like governments or corporations or police
How does Chadwick use idea of criminalisation as explanation of police institutional racism
Criminalisation is application of criminal label to a social category.
Chadwick apply this to how blacks are treated as ‘muggers’ as confirmation of immigrants belonging to culture of criminality which is evident in media and political coverage
They also argue construction of black crmininalotu has influenced policing and discriminatory punishment in specific neighbourhoods
- criminals label goes hand in hand with marginalisation
- policing and targeting of particular communities have Marginalised black ppl
What were some details of Stephen Lawrence’s case and what did the macpherson report do?
Stephen Lawrence was killed, his friends EWT dismissed as unreliable and police failed to take statemnt from teenager who knew suspects. And allegations of corruption
The macpherson report concluded the police were institutionally racist and had 70 recommended measures to get rid of it
What is some evaluation of police stop and search figures
Some like right realist may suggest ethnic minorities are over represented as they most likely to be criminal eg be part of young, unemployed in urban areas so stopped regardless of ethnicity
How do left realist explain ethnic differences in drime
You cannot explain difference in crime stats by blaming police institutional racism but must also look at depravation and racism in society
How does Lea and Young say relative depravation and marginalisation cause ethnic differences in offending
Lea and Young says Racism has led to marginalisation and economic problems causing people to turn to crime, media also impacts as they see consumerism
One response to marginalisation and relative deprv is form subcultures by unemployed black males who commit utilitarian crimes like theft.
They acknowledge racism in CJS but doesn’t explain it all as 90% of crimes are reported rather than dealt by police
Racism also don’t explain why black ppl have higher crime rates than Asians. But they may ignore how police are racist to a specific group eg this has changed after 9/11
What is a critism of Lea and youngs explanation of ethnic offending
They ignore selective racsim as police stereotype blacks as aggressive and Asians as passive
This may have also changed after 9/11 as Asians now regarded as dangerous
How do neo Marxists Gilroy and Hall explain ethnic offending?
Gilroy and Hall reject stats and say crime is social construction
Black criminality is product of racist stereotyping of Afro-carribeans and Asians and in real life there no diff between ethnic groups only the racist nature of CJS make it seem there is
Ethnic minority crime is resistance to racsim and has roots in British imperialism. Most from former British colonies and have anti-imperialist stance which helps Resit political oppression through riots and such eg BLM 2020
But when they moved to UK they face racism and adopted these resistances which was criminalised by British state
How did Hall say the moral panic over black nuggets served intrests of captalist
Media drove moral panic of muggings allegedly commited by black youth
Hall says while there was some increase in crime the ruling class amplified the severity to divert from actual issues like inflation. So muggers were scapegoat for capitalist crisis and divided working class in racist grounds
But he also said it wasn’t all media, crisis of capitalism was marginalising black youth through unemployment so made them go into petty crime to survive
What is a critism of neo Marxist expansion of ethnic crime and hall
Little empirical evidence that crisis over black muggers was due to capitalism or policies towards black community
Also ignores fact many modern day ethnic minorities aren’t from colonised countries and born in Britain so too deterministic
