Social Change Flashcards
Growth of Working Class
Prior to 1871, what proportion of German’s lived in rural villages?
2/3
Growth of Working Class
What are 2 reforms that Biskmarck introuduced to help the working class and what did they do?
- 1883 Sickness Insurance - gave 13 week’s pay to 3 million workers.
- 1884 Accident Insurance - gave 13 weeks payment financed by employers.
Growth of Working Class
Between 1900-14 what was unemployment?
Only went above 3% in one year
Growth of Working Class
Which chancellor banned child labour and when?
Chancellor Bulow
1903
Growth of Working Class
When was the 8 hour working day guarenteed?
In the Weimar constitution
Growth of Working Class
How many new houses were built during Weimar to allieviate overcrowding?
2 million
Growth of Working Class
From 1910-1940, what did the population of urban areas grow by?
36%
Growth of Working Class
How did urban workers benefit under the Nazis?
Groups such as DAF and RAD - trade unions were banned
Growth of Working Class
From 1928-38, how much did the working class grow by as the Nazis prepared for war?
10%
Growth of Working Class
What was the proportion of working class with Nazi membership?
over 40%
Growth of Working Class
How much did the west German population grow by between 1950-1980? What percent lived in urban areas?
50% to 61.7 million
74%
Growth of Working Class
How many ‘guest workers’ from Turkey and Greece by 1966?
1.2 million
Growth of Working Class
In total, how many guest workers did germany employ for the lowest paid jobs by 1973?
14 million
Artisans/Mittelstand
What artisan industries closed due to rapid industrialisation during the 1800s?
Dyeing and Weaving
Artisans/Mittelstand
From 1882-85, one-man artisan businesses declined by how much?
13.5%
Artisans/Mittelstand
In 1897, what did the Government try to pass to win over the Mittelstand?
The Craft Laws - this failed
Artisans/Mittelstand
In 1928, how many Mittelstand were unemployed? Why?
184,000
Heavily impacted by the 1923 hyperinflation which led to business closing.
Artisans/Mittelstand
Which party did most Artisans support during Weimar? Why?
The Nazis - anti-communist
In 1920, Hitler suggested the 25 point programme that protected German industry.
Artisans/Mittelstand
What was one aspect of the 25 point programme?
Larger businesses could be shut down and sold to smaller traders at a reduced rate.
Artisans/Mittelstand
From 1925, what did all new artisans have to pass to ensure that a high level of craft was maintained?
The Master’s Examination
Artisans/Mittelstand
Between 1931-36, how much did artisan business rise by? Why?
20%
Nazi Party formations had to order boots from them
Artisans/Mittelstand
From 1936-39, how much did artisan business decline by? Why?
11%
The nazis became harsher, claiming that there were too many artisan businesses
Artisans/Mittelstand
How did the Marshall plan (1947) impact artisans?
Artisans were given special status which meant that they could oversee the organisation of training and skilled workers.
Artisans/Mittelstand
By 1955, how many Germans were employed in Artisan trade? How much more was this from 1939?
Over 3.5 million
An increase of 1 million
Artisans/Mittelstand
What organisations protected even small artisans in West Germany? What did grocers cooperative membership increase to by 1950?
Cooperatives
50,000
Junkers
What powers did Junkers in the Bundesrat have? What was the Prussian Three Class Franchise?
Could veto Reichstag legislation
A junker vote was worth 3x more than an ordinary German vote
Junkers
Why were there riots in Prussia after the 1908 election?
The SPD only won 7 seats with 23% of the votes compared to The Junker Conservatives who won 212 seats with just 16% of the votes.
Junkers
By 1912 who were the largest party in the Reichstag? What was their stance towards Junkers?
SPD - 110 seats
Had to prove their responsibility and did not want to spark a revolt, so didn’t change anything.
Junkers
When did Prince Max announce reforms that abolished the Prussian Voting System?
28th October 1918
Junkers
Name two examples of Junkers with significant power during Weimar?
Hans von Seekt - Commander in Chief from 1920-26
Franz von Papan - Chancellor from July to December 1932
Junkers
How did Von Seekt undermine Germany?
Refused to fire on the Freikorps during the Kapp Putsch in 1920 which led to Wolfgang Kapp being able to take over for 3 days.
Junkers
Which event did Hitler use to manipulate the Junkers?
June 1934 - Night of the Long Knives won him support from military leadership.
Junkers
Which powerful Junkers were removed from Hitler’s cabinet following him becoming Fuhrer in Aug 1934?
- 1938 - Papan
- Blomberg and Fritsch (head of army) because they were unconvinced about his agressive Foreign Policy
Junkers
Which Junker Group deviated from the Party to try and assasinate Hitler in 1944? Why?
The Kreisau Circle - left a bomb in Hitler’s bunker but it didn’t work. Hitler responded by killing 5000 people.
Concerned about Hitler’s failures during the war.
Junkers
How did their land change following WW2?
Most of it was completely destroyed, or taken by East Germany and the USSR, where it was divided up into smaller farms.
Junkers
By 1952, what was the state of the Junkers?
They did not exist
Junkers
How many homes were destroyed during the war? What did this mean for Junkers?
3.6 million
Their aristocratic houses and land was destroyed
Peasants
What did the number of German agricultural workers decline by between 1871-1989?
49-2%
Peasants
When did Bismarck introduce tarriffs to stop importing cheap grain from Russia? Who persuaded him?
1879
Junkers as they relied on farming for their income.
Peasants
When did the Agrarian League form? Who supported them? What did they try and do?
1893
Junkers
Fight attempts to weaken tarriffs on foreign food.
Peasants
During 1916/17, how much did agricultural production fall to?
60% of pre-war levels
Peasants
How many German’s died during Turnip Winter?
80,000 children in 1916
Peasants
During the 1920s, how was agriculture continually Challenged?
Improved farming practices in Holland and Denmark led to increased competition with foreign markets.
Peasants
When did Nazi’s introduce laws to protect farms from being forcibly sold?
1933 - Reich Entailed Farm Law
Peasants
Between 1925-38, how much did agricultural production increase by?
20%
Peasants
When were meat rations cut during the war?
1942 and 1943
Peasants
Between 1950-60, how much did the rural economy lose of its workforce?
50% due to mechanisation
Peasants
Between 1949 and 58, how many tractors were bought?
590,000
Peasants
By the mid 1980s, how much did state run farms average in size?
11,000 acres
White Collar
In Prussia, how much did the civil service grow by between 1850-1907?
40,000 to 250,000
White Collar
How much did the number of doctors increase by between 1876-1913?
Doubled
White Collar
When was the Co-ordinating Committe formed by White collar workers? What did they want?
1901
State-insurance for white-collar workers - sucessful in 1911
White Collar
What economic events impacted White-Collar workers during Weimar?
1921-23 Hyper Inflation
1929-33 Great Depression
White Collar
How many unemployed in 1928?
183,371
White Collar
How many white collar workers recieved no unemployment support from the state?
90,000
White Collar
How much of the Nazi party did White Collar workers make up between 1929-32?
20%
White Collar
By the end of 1933, how over-represented were White-Collar workers?
65%
White Collar Workers
What proportion of workers in the country by 1939 were WC? How was this different to Bismarck?
1/4 compared to 1/13 in 1895
White Collar
By 1980, what percentage of the workforce were WC workers?
35% mainly in service and manufacturing
White Collar
From 1950-64, how much had real wages increased by? What did this do?
They had doubled
Led to an increased demand for skilled labour
White Collar
By 1989, what % of the population were employed in the service industry and highly educated?
66%
Women
By 1891, what were women guarenteed?
6 weeks maternity leave and an 11 hour working day. Allowed more time off on Saturday’s to complete domestic work.
Women
In 1885, what did Emma Ihrer establish?
The Society for the Protection of Women’s Workers which provided doctor and lawyer service for free. 1886 - Banned
Women
Who was Clara Zeitkin and what was her role?
Member of the women’s section of the SPD and published Die Gleichheit (equality) in 1880 for the first time.
Women
When were Women given the right to vote?
In the Weimar constitution of 1919
Women
What percentage did Women make up of the Weimer parliament?
9.6% - 2% in Britain
Women
What were Weimar women?
Following the deaths of 2 million men during the war, the ‘Weimar’ woman was independent, lived in urban areas, followed US fashion trends and was single.
Women
During 1933-35 how much did the number of female school teachers decrease by?
15%
Women
In 1943, how many women were conscripted to work between what ages?
3 million
17-45
Women
When was the Lebensborn programme introduced?
1935
Women
When were pensions introduced and how did they discriminate women?
1957 - only given to full-time workers. Part-time women and those who had taken maternity leave did not recieve them
Women
When were women given legal equality to their husbands?
1957
Women
By 1989, what % of uni students were women?
41%
Women
In 1989, what percentage of hospital workers were women? What % were actually doctors?
75%
4%
