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Germany > Social Change > Flashcards

Social Change Flashcards

1
Q

Growth of Working Class

Prior to 1871, what proportion of German’s lived in rural villages?

A

2/3

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2
Q

Growth of Working Class

What are 2 reforms that Biskmarck introuduced to help the working class and what did they do?

A
  • 1883 Sickness Insurance - gave 13 week’s pay to 3 million workers.
  • 1884 Accident Insurance - gave 13 weeks payment financed by employers.
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3
Q

Growth of Working Class

Between 1900-14 what was unemployment?

A

Only went above 3% in one year

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4
Q

Growth of Working Class
Which chancellor banned child labour and when?

A

Chancellor Bulow
1903

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5
Q

Growth of Working Class
When was the 8 hour working day guarenteed?

A

In the Weimar constitution

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6
Q

Growth of Working Class

How many new houses were built during Weimar to allieviate overcrowding?

A

2 million

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7
Q

Growth of Working Class

From 1910-1940, what did the population of urban areas grow by?

A

36%

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8
Q

Growth of Working Class

How did urban workers benefit under the Nazis?

A

Groups such as DAF and RAD - trade unions were banned

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9
Q

Growth of Working Class

From 1928-38, how much did the working class grow by as the Nazis prepared for war?

A

10%

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10
Q

Growth of Working Class

What was the proportion of working class with Nazi membership?

A

over 40%

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11
Q

Growth of Working Class

How much did the west German population grow by between 1950-1980? What percent lived in urban areas?

A

50% to 61.7 million
74%

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12
Q

Growth of Working Class

How many ‘guest workers’ from Turkey and Greece by 1966?

A

1.2 million

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13
Q

Growth of Working Class

In total, how many guest workers did germany employ for the lowest paid jobs by 1973?

A

14 million

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14
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

What artisan industries closed due to rapid industrialisation during the 1800s?

A

Dyeing and Weaving

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15
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

From 1882-85, one-man artisan businesses declined by how much?

A

13.5%

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16
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

In 1897, what did the Government try to pass to win over the Mittelstand?

A

The Craft Laws - this failed

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17
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

In 1928, how many Mittelstand were unemployed? Why?

A

184,000

Heavily impacted by the 1923 hyperinflation which led to business closing.

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18
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

Which party did most Artisans support during Weimar? Why?

A

The Nazis - anti-communist

In 1920, Hitler suggested the 25 point programme that protected German industry.

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19
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

What was one aspect of the 25 point programme?

A

Larger businesses could be shut down and sold to smaller traders at a reduced rate.

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20
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

From 1925, what did all new artisans have to pass to ensure that a high level of craft was maintained?

A

The Master’s Examination

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21
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

Between 1931-36, how much did artisan business rise by? Why?

A

20%
Nazi Party formations had to order boots from them

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22
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

From 1936-39, how much did artisan business decline by? Why?

A

11%
The nazis became harsher, claiming that there were too many artisan businesses

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23
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

How did the Marshall plan (1947) impact artisans?

A

Artisans were given special status which meant that they could oversee the organisation of training and skilled workers.

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24
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

By 1955, how many Germans were employed in Artisan trade? How much more was this from 1939?

A

Over 3.5 million

An increase of 1 million

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25
Q

Artisans/Mittelstand

What organisations protected even small artisans in West Germany? What did grocers cooperative membership increase to by 1950?

A

Cooperatives

50,000

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26
Q

Junkers

What powers did Junkers in the Bundesrat have? What was the Prussian Three Class Franchise?

A

Could veto Reichstag legislation

A junker vote was worth 3x more than an ordinary German vote

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27
Q

Junkers

Why were there riots in Prussia after the 1908 election?

A

The SPD only won 7 seats with 23% of the votes compared to The Junker Conservatives who won 212 seats with just 16% of the votes.

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28
Q

Junkers

By 1912 who were the largest party in the Reichstag? What was their stance towards Junkers?

A

SPD - 110 seats

Had to prove their responsibility and did not want to spark a revolt, so didn’t change anything.

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29
Q

Junkers

When did Prince Max announce reforms that abolished the Prussian Voting System?

A

28th October 1918

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30
Q

Junkers

Name two examples of Junkers with significant power during Weimar?

A

Hans von Seekt - Commander in Chief from 1920-26

Franz von Papan - Chancellor from July to December 1932

31
Q

Junkers

How did Von Seekt undermine Germany?

A

Refused to fire on the Freikorps during the Kapp Putsch in 1920 which led to Wolfgang Kapp being able to take over for 3 days.

32
Q

Junkers

Which event did Hitler use to manipulate the Junkers?

A

June 1934 - Night of the Long Knives won him support from military leadership.

33
Q

Junkers

Which powerful Junkers were removed from Hitler’s cabinet following him becoming Fuhrer in Aug 1934?

A
  • 1938 - Papan
  • Blomberg and Fritsch (head of army) because they were unconvinced about his agressive Foreign Policy
34
Q

Junkers

Which Junker Group deviated from the Party to try and assasinate Hitler in 1944? Why?

A

The Kreisau Circle - left a bomb in Hitler’s bunker but it didn’t work. Hitler responded by killing 5000 people.

Concerned about Hitler’s failures during the war.

35
Q

Junkers

How did their land change following WW2?

A

Most of it was completely destroyed, or taken by East Germany and the USSR, where it was divided up into smaller farms.

36
Q

Junkers

By 1952, what was the state of the Junkers?

A

They did not exist

37
Q

Junkers

How many homes were destroyed during the war? What did this mean for Junkers?

A

3.6 million
Their aristocratic houses and land was destroyed

38
Q

Peasants

What did the number of German agricultural workers decline by between 1871-1989?

A

49-2%

39
Q

Peasants

When did Bismarck introduce tarriffs to stop importing cheap grain from Russia? Who persuaded him?

A

1879
Junkers as they relied on farming for their income.

40
Q

Peasants

When did the Agrarian League form? Who supported them? What did they try and do?

A

1893
Junkers
Fight attempts to weaken tarriffs on foreign food.

41
Q

Peasants

During 1916/17, how much did agricultural production fall to?

A

60% of pre-war levels

42
Q

Peasants

How many German’s died during Turnip Winter?

A

80,000 children in 1916

43
Q

Peasants

During the 1920s, how was agriculture continually Challenged?

A

Improved farming practices in Holland and Denmark led to increased competition with foreign markets.

44
Q

Peasants

When did Nazi’s introduce laws to protect farms from being forcibly sold?

A

1933 - Reich Entailed Farm Law

45
Q

Peasants

Between 1925-38, how much did agricultural production increase by?

A

20%

46
Q

Peasants

When were meat rations cut during the war?

A

1942 and 1943

47
Q

Peasants

Between 1950-60, how much did the rural economy lose of its workforce?

A

50% due to mechanisation

48
Q

Peasants

Between 1949 and 58, how many tractors were bought?

A

590,000

49
Q

Peasants

By the mid 1980s, how much did state run farms average in size?

A

11,000 acres

50
Q

White Collar

In Prussia, how much did the civil service grow by between 1850-1907?

A

40,000 to 250,000

51
Q

White Collar

How much did the number of doctors increase by between 1876-1913?

A

Doubled

52
Q

White Collar

When was the Co-ordinating Committe formed by White collar workers? What did they want?

A

1901

State-insurance for white-collar workers - sucessful in 1911

53
Q

White Collar

What economic events impacted White-Collar workers during Weimar?

A

1921-23 Hyper Inflation
1929-33 Great Depression

54
Q

White Collar

How many unemployed in 1928?

A

183,371

55
Q

White Collar

How many white collar workers recieved no unemployment support from the state?

A

90,000

56
Q

White Collar

How much of the Nazi party did White Collar workers make up between 1929-32?

A

20%

57
Q

White Collar

By the end of 1933, how over-represented were White-Collar workers?

A

65%

58
Q

White Collar Workers

What proportion of workers in the country by 1939 were WC? How was this different to Bismarck?

A

1/4 compared to 1/13 in 1895

59
Q

White Collar

By 1980, what percentage of the workforce were WC workers?

A

35% mainly in service and manufacturing

60
Q

White Collar

From 1950-64, how much had real wages increased by? What did this do?

A

They had doubled
Led to an increased demand for skilled labour

61
Q

White Collar

By 1989, what % of the population were employed in the service industry and highly educated?

A

66%

62
Q

Women

By 1891, what were women guarenteed?

A

6 weeks maternity leave and an 11 hour working day. Allowed more time off on Saturday’s to complete domestic work.

63
Q

Women

In 1885, what did Emma Ihrer establish?

A

The Society for the Protection of Women’s Workers which provided doctor and lawyer service for free. 1886 - Banned

64
Q

Women

Who was Clara Zeitkin and what was her role?

A

Member of the women’s section of the SPD and published Die Gleichheit (equality) in 1880 for the first time.

65
Q

Women

When were Women given the right to vote?

A

In the Weimar constitution of 1919

66
Q

Women

What percentage did Women make up of the Weimer parliament?

A

9.6% - 2% in Britain

67
Q

Women

What were Weimar women?

A

Following the deaths of 2 million men during the war, the ‘Weimar’ woman was independent, lived in urban areas, followed US fashion trends and was single.

68
Q

Women

During 1933-35 how much did the number of female school teachers decrease by?

A

15%

69
Q

Women

In 1943, how many women were conscripted to work between what ages?

A

3 million

17-45

70
Q

Women

When was the Lebensborn programme introduced?

A

1935

71
Q

Women

When were pensions introduced and how did they discriminate women?

A

1957 - only given to full-time workers. Part-time women and those who had taken maternity leave did not recieve them

72
Q

Women

When were women given legal equality to their husbands?

A

1957

73
Q

Women
By 1989, what % of uni students were women?

A

41%

74
Q

Women

In 1989, what percentage of hospital workers were women? What % were actually doctors?

A

75%
4%

Germany (7 decks)

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