Social Aspects of Behavior Flashcards
Carl Jung is referred to as the “father” of what?
-who else is noted alongside him at the top of this theoretical orientation?
- Father of Modern Psychoanalytic Therapy
- notable others: Freud & Adler (later Horney, Freud jr, Erikson)
How does Jung’s Psychoanalytic theory differ from Freud’s?
-what did Jung believe was the main motivator of human behavior?
Jung split off from Freud to create modern analytic psychology because they had differing views about the Libido (Freud said libido always = sex drive) while
-Jung believed sexuality was not the sole motivator of human behavior, self-realization (wholeness) was
Describe Jung’s Teleological view of human nature
The theory asserts that our actions are partly determined by the future; yes, we act because of the influence of our past on us, but our actions/behaviors are mostly being lead by our ideas about a future state- like purpose, meaning, value (e.g. getting a doctorate- we envision our future life so we are able to work hard even during unstable times like a Pandemic bc we are motivated by the vision of our future state)
Describe Jung’s theory of unconscious motivation
-name and describe each piece and note which element he is most known for creating
- Ego: center of consciousness
- Personal Unconscious: everything that is repressed during development; includes anything which is not presently conscious but can be
- Collective Unconscious: Jung is most well-known for this piece as no one before him included this in their theory- it is the reservoir of our experiences as a species (some call it “psychic inheritance”) -we are never fully conscious to this, but it greatly influences us
Describe Jung’s Archetypes theory
-try to name some, but just keep a general understanding of their functions so I can identify them if needed (think cast of characters assignment)
(e.g. w/ description to help orient:)
• the Mother archetype: all of our ancestors had mothers, though we have evolved to an environment that includes a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived w/out our connection w/ a nurturing one during infancy. We are now built to reflect this evolutionary process- we come into the world ready to want Mother, seek her, recognize her, deal with her)
Archetypes are the contents of the collective unconscious; they are the unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way.
- The Mother
- Mana: spiritual power, pleasure, (Freud would call this one related to libido/sex drive)
- the Shadow: what we don’t recognize in ourselves, what repels us in others
- the Persona: your public self
- Anima: unconscious feminine within men
- Animus: unconscious masculine within women
- Self: the god within us; our inherent predisposition to experience wholeness
Jung’s dynamics of the psyche
-name and describe the 3 principles
- Principle of opposites: every wish immediately suggests its opposite (e.g. if I have a good thought, I cannot help but to have in me somewhere the opposite bad thought) •this gives the libido to the psyche
- Principle of Equivalence: energy created from the above opposition is ‘given’ to both sides equally. Acknowledging the opposite, less desirable thought leads to growth in the psyche, but refusing to acknowledge the thought leads to developing a complex
- Principle of Entropy: the tendency for oppositions to come together and balance out; when we rise above our opposites are able to see both sides of who we are, this is called transcendence
Intergroup conflict
-describe
- intergroup conflict happens as a result of ingroup-outgroup dynamics
- (e.g. Sherif robbers cave experiment findings: conflict arises when 2 groups compete for a scarce resource. Groups in competition w/ each other display ingroup favoritism and intergroup hostility)
Intergroup conflict theories
- Realistic Conflict & Relative Deprivation: focuses on the competition for limited resources and the experience of being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled to have
- Integrated Threat Theory: realistic/existential threats; symbolic; intergroup anxiety threats; negative stereotyping
- Social Identity Theory: focuses on comparisons of the statuses & outcomes of the in-group & out-group
- Intergroup Emotion Theory: emotions toward the outgroup can be positive or negative (e.g. fear, disgust, contempt, jealousy, admiration); emotions drive attitudes and behaviors
Common responses to negative social identity
- individual mobility: leaving the group for an outgroup with higher status
- Social creativity: redefines the basis of your intergroup comparison
- Social competition: compete with and sometimes have conflict with the higher-status group
define Ethnocentrism & Ingroup positivity
- Ethnocentrism: we naturally trust and regard those in our ingroup positively while we direct suspicion and distrust immediately toward the outgroup
- Ingroup positivity is not correlated to outgroup derogation (e.g. we don’t need to hate others to love ourselves)
Allport’s theory regarding changing/improving intergroup relations and conflict
- authorities can promote social norms that favor acceptance of the other group
- promote “acquaintance contact”
- promote the idea that groups have equal status
- promote cooperative interdependence between the groups
Group Dynamics
-the term for group processes; refers to the behavior of people in groups as they try to work toward something or solve a problem together
•at the core of understanding racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia, etc
Group Polarization
-the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
•this happens during group discussion as folks get hyped and the initial tendencies of the group become more extreme
Groupthink
-phenomenon where people in a group seek unanimous agreement in spite of contrary facts pointing to another conclusion
Intergroup Conflict Reduction theories
•Contact Hypothesis (aka intergroup contact theory):
-promoting contact between groups can reduce prejudice
•Subordinate Identities:
-emphasizing a broader, shared identity under a larger umbrella to increase common social identity
•Interdependence (i.e. Robbers Cave experiment)
