Affective Basis of Behavior Flashcards
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Main characteristics - Areas of functioning deficit - Diagnostic considerations, specifiers
Restrictive repetitive patterns of behavior/interests/activities.
- stereotyped or repetitive motor movements
- Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of behavior
- hypo/hypersensitivity to sensory input
- High restricted, fixated interests
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts:
- social-emotional reciprocity
- nonverbal communicative behaviors during social interactions
- developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
- Severity is based on social-communicative impairments
- Developmental diagnosis that begins to develop around 2-3YO
- Specifiers:
- with or without accompanying intellectual impairment
- with or without accompanying language impairment
Social Anxiety Disorder
Marked fear and/or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
-AKA Social Phobia
Anxiety Disorders overview
-Common diagnoses
General anticipation of future threats characterized by excessive fear, experiential avoidance, and ruminating/intrusive thoughts; co-occurring depression is very common
- most common anxiety dxs:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Specific Phobia
- other/unspecified
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- General Overview
- Obsession vs Compulsion
Presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause clinically significant distress and impairment.
- Obsessions: recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images experienced as intrusive or unwanted and in which the individual tries to ignore or suppress - Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual is driven to perform in response to an obsession. The driving force for compulsions is to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessions
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A disorder of executive functioning characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning and development characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity in at least the following areas/ways:
- disrupted attention, spatial working memory, short-term memory, response inhibition, set-shifting.
- Adolescent onset only
Major Depressive Disorder
- overview
- diagnostic criteria
Presence of sad, empty, hopeless, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s functioning.
- Dx requires 5+ of the following symptoms present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous level of functioning:
- Depressed mood most of the day, every day
- Diminished interest
- Significant weight change (–/+) or significant change in appetite
- Sleep changes (insomnia/hypersomnia)
- Fatigue/loss of energy
- Feelings of guilt/worthlessness/burdensomeness
- Difficulty concentrating markedly different from previous focus ability
- Psychomotor agitation
- Thoughts of death or dying, self-harm
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Diagnostic criteria
- Common symptoms
A disorder caused by exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in 1 or more of the following ways:
- Directly experiencing
- Witnessing in person
- Learning the event happened to a close family member or friend (violent/accidental)
- Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event
intrusive and dissociative symptoms, flashbacks, nightmares/terrors, hypervigilance, sleep disturbance, reckless or self-destructive behaviors, exaggerated startle response
-diagnostic criteria require trauma have occurred at least 1 month prior to diagnosis of PTSD (prior to this month the patient would receive dx of Acute Stress Disorder)
Notable subdiagnosis: Complex Trauma
- characterized by repeated and prolonged exposure to severe trauma of a period of months/years.
- most common instances: POW, childhood abuse/neglect/maltreatment, victims of child trafficking
-No DSM official diagnosis yet, so use ‘Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified’ (DESNOS)
Schizophrenia
- Diagnostic criteria
- Age range of onset
- Important R/O differentials for this diagnosis
-At least 2 of the following (+) symptoms present a significant portion of time during a period of 1 month:
-Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
(can have disorganized behavior and catatonia as well)
-At least 2 of the following (–) symptoms:
-Diminished emotional expression, avolition (motivation deficit), asociality, anhedonia (lack of interest), alogia (speech deficit)
-Impaired functioning in 1 or more major areas:
-Occupational, interpersonal, ADL’s
-Continuous symptomology (of some kind) over a period of at least 6 months
-Does not occur during mood disturbance
Onset:
-early adulthood or late adolescence (as young as 16,
as old as 29)
-Must rule/out Schizoaffective, Depressive, and Bipolar Disorders w/ psychotic features before diagnosing
Bipolar Disorders
- General overview
- Bipolar 1
- Bipolar 2
- GRAPES method for identifying mania
- Characterized by at least 1 episode of either hypomania or mania followed by a swing into at least 1 depressive episode.
- Bipolar Disorders are considered the bridge between schizoid diagnoses and depressive diagnoses
- Index episode (first diagnostic episode)-Bipolar 1:
+More severe than BP2, Manic episode required for diagnosis (if pt has a single full manic ep they will automatically receive BP1 dx)
+May be preceded or followed by hypomanic episode or major depressive episode (MDE)
+Depression not required
+Rapid cycling common
+ Higher risk of co-occurring substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors (which increases risk of sexual trauma and OD)
+BP1 has better recovery between episodes-Bipolar 2:
+Current or past episode of Hypomania or MDE
+Lower severity than BP1 but more chronic with more depressive symptomology, and less recovery between episodes
+High rates of co-occurring anxiety
GRAPES (to id mania)
- Grandiosity
- Racing Thoughts
- Activity: goal-directed
- Pressured, tangential speech
- Elevated, expansive, euphoric mood
- Sleep- decreased need
Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Overview
- Diagnostic criteria
- Specifiers
Occurs when an individual feels extreme anxiety about physical symptoms such as pain or fatigue
- Requires 1 or more somatic symptoms that are distressing and result in significant disruption of daily life
- Excessive thoughts, feelings, behaviors related to somatic symptoms or health concerns
- Specifiers: w/predominant pain; severity
Adjustment Disorder
- Overview
- Diagnostic criteria
- Specifiers
Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of onset of the stressor characterized by:
-Marked distress disproportionate to the
severity/intensity of the stressor
-Difficulty coping and adjusting to an environment or
situational stressor such as a major life event
-Symptoms and behaviors must be clinically significant and show significant impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning
-Not normal bereavement
-Does not persist past 6mo from triggering stressor or remaining consequences from the stress
- Specifiers:
- w/depressed mood
- w/ anxiety
- w/ mixed anx+dep
- w/disturbance of conduct
Evidence-Based Treatment
Treatments backed by objective, scientific evidence that proves effectiveness, asserting that all decisions must be based on quantitative, empirical, scientific research.
