History & Systems Flashcards
REBT
- name
- theorist/developer
- main tenants
- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- a type of CBT developed by Albert Ellis
- focuses on helping clients change irrational beliefs through 3 basic steps: Identify irrational thought patterns and beliefs, challenge irrational beliefs, gain insight and change behavior
Beck
- what did he develop?
- what was the main belief motivating his research and treatment?
- Aaron Beck, Father of Cognitive Therapy (CT)
- pioneered theories widely used in the treatment of clinical depression
- he believed that mental illness comes from bad thinking patterns which must be treated with cognitive therapy
Classic Psychoanalytic Theory
- 3 key people
- key concepts
- personality structure
- psychosocial stages
- theory of change
- Sigmund Freud, Erikson, Adler
- Key Concepts: human behavior is determined by irrational forces and the unconscious, also known as biological drives; life instincts & death instincts are sexual in nature; The theory believes that people can be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, and gain insight.
- structure: id, ego, superego
•psychosocial stages:
1-oral (0-2); anal (2-3); phallic (3-7); latent (7-11); genital (11+)
•TOC: corrective emotional experiences are what helps us to change, grow, heal from the original wounds we’ve experienced
- Define anxiety according to classical psychoanalytic theory
- Describe how it develops
- Name the 3 types
- a feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories, or desires
- develops out of conflict among the id, ego, superego to control psychic energy
- 3 types:
- Reality: fear of real, external events or objects
- Neurotic: fear of being overwhelmed by instincts and drive
- Moral: fear of violating values or moral codes within the unconscious
Name the most common techniques and approaches used in classical psychoanalytic theory
- Blank Screen Approach
- Countertransference
- Transference
- Dream Analysis
- Free Association
- Interpretive Analysis of Resistance
- Analysis of Transference
- Ego Defense Mechanisms
- Conscious/Unconscious
According to Freud’s hierarchy of the conscious mind, what category do thoughts and perceptions exist?
•conscious mind
According to Freud’s hierarchy of the conscious mind, what category do memories and stored knowledge exist?
•preconscious mind
According to Freud’s hierarchy of the conscious mind, what category holds fear, violent motives, immoral urges, irrational wishes, selfish need, and unaccepted sexual desires?
•the unconscious mind
Jean Piaget
•stages of moral development; stages of child development; cognitive stages of development
Object-Relations Theory
- describe the overall theory
- who is the co-founder most often credited with the theory?
- the process of developing a psyche in relation to others in the environment during childhood. Based on the role of early relationships and how they continue as objects or images within the mind
- Melanie Klein
Object Relations Theory
-describe each of the 3 main features of the theory: Object, Self, Self-Object
- Object: something invested with emotion (usually love/hate); most often refers to a person but can refer to places, things, etc
- internal object: mental representation or image of a person or place
- external object: actual person or place
- Self: conscious and unconscious representations or images that pertain to one’s own person; always private and refers to an internal image rather than an external reality
- Self-Object: when the distinction between the self-image and object-image is unclear or diffuse
Object Relations Theory
-name the stages of their developmental system
- Autism (0-2 mo)
- Symbiosis (2-6 mo)
- Separation-Individuation (6-24 mo)
- Hatching subphase (6-10 mo)
- Practicing subphase (10-16 mo)
- Rapproachment subphase (16-24 mo)
- Developing Object Constancy
Analytic Ego Defense Mechanisms
-name them
- Repression •Denial •Reaction-Formation
- Projection •Displacement •Rationalization
- Sublimation •Regression •Introjection
- Identification •Compensation
BF Skinner
•believed changes in behavior are the result of an individual’s response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment
•operant conditioning; reinforcement contingencies; operant chamber; schedule of reinforcement; extreme environmentalism; radical behaviorism (neobehaviorism)
•
describe Reinforcement Contingencies
•the contingency (relationship) between a response and a reinforcer; the contingency may be positive (if the occurrence of the reinforcer is more probable after the response) or negative (if it is less probable after the response)
describe Neobehaviorism/radical behaviorism
•study of learning with the focus on rigorous objective observational methods and believing this forms the key to scientific psychology
Freud
- conscious; unconscious; ego defense mechanisms; id/ego/superego; psychosocial stages of development; dream analysis
- post WW1 was researching aggression- said death drive was as important as the sex drive in our psychic constitution and that the basic conflict in our lives is between EROS & THANATOS
How did Freud say that the unconscious could be accessed?
- dream theory
- dream distortion represents inner conflict or a sort of inner dishonesty
- “dreams are the royal road to the unconscious”
Adlerian Psychotherapy
- who
- what
- key themes
- 3 approaches
•Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikus
•unlocking mistaken goals; interactional patterns in the family; promotion of effective parenting
-techniques: family constellation, reporting of a typical day, goal disclosure, logical consequences, birth order theory, inferiority complex
- sibling order affects personality
- early recollection holistic concept: understand our parts in relationship
•3 types:
1. Encourage (self-understanding, insight) 2. working toward life goals 3. Lifestyle Assessment
Smith and Glass
•Mary Lee Smith & Gene Glass developed meta-analysis and then used it with several important psychological studies
Cognitive Therapy
- Aaron Beck
- focuses on present thinking, behaviors, and communication rather than on past experiences and is oriented toward problem-solving
- was the first psychotherapy to be subjected to rigorous clinical testing
- based on the cognitive model: the way we perceive situations influences the way we think, feel, behave.
- treatment targets thoughts, emotions, behavior, and physiological symptoms in the present for immediate change
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
-who
what
-goal
•Harry Stack Sullivan
•Brief, focused, often used with mood disorders; Focuses on what people do to avoid or manage anxiety in close relationships
-special interest in the hurtful or anxiety-arousing interactions that occurred in formative parent-child interactions
•1. Address deficits 2. manage unresolved grief 3. help with life transitions 4. deal with interpersonal disputes stemming from expectations
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
-define Self-System
•personality traits that developed through repetitive interactions with parents and the environment
Berry’s Acculturation Model
- what are the two big questions the chart addresses?
- name and describe each quadrant
•”is it considered to be of value to develop relationships with the larger society?” and “is it considered to be of value to maintain one’s cultural heritage?”
- Assimilation- where someone from a different culture adopts the cultural norm of the region they have moved
- Integration- where people adopt both the dominant culture and their original culture, combining the two at the same time
- Separation- when someone rejects the dominant culture and keeps their culture of origin instead
- Marginalization- when someone rejects both their original culture and the cultural norm
What is the most frequently used Projective Assessment?
•Rorschach
