Foundations/Personality Assessment/Multicultural/Family Flashcards
Working with diverse clients
- consider differences, similarities, intersectional identity, level of privilege, etc
- ADDRESSING model, cultural humility, maintain a sense of curiosity
Levels of Prevention
•Primary-interventions designed to prevent the onset of future incidences of a specific problem
-ideal time for intervention as it targets those at high risk for various biopsychosocial concerns (e.g. skills class w/ teens)
- Secondary- an early intervention that decreases the prevalence of a specific problem; seeks to diagnose and treat a disorder in its early stages
- Tertiary- treatment designed to improve quality of life and reduce the symptoms after a disease/disorder has developed; does not reduce the incidence or prevalence
Individuation (as defined by Jung)
-difference between 1st and 2nd stages
•Achievement of self-actualization through a process of integrating the conscious and unconscious
• 2 stages, broken up into the first & second halves
of a life
-first: adaptation of the psyche to the demands of the environment (separation of the ego and the self)
-second: initiation into inner reality; psychological transformation into the quest of self-exploration (reuniting the ego and self)
Individuation (as defined in family systems)
•one’s unique self-identity, which is separated from that of any other individual in the family
MMPI-2 Validity Scales
-name them all
- VRIN -F
- TRIN -FBS
- L
- Fb
- Fp
- K
MMPI-2 Validity Scales
-which scales measure inconsistent response styles?
- VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency): measures random, inconsistent responding
- TRIN (True Response Inconsistency): measures mostly-true response pattern (“yea-saying”) test set
MMPI-2 Validity Scales
-which validity scale measures overstating somatic distress and subjective disability?
-FBS (Faking Bad Scale)
MMPI-2 Validity Scales:
- which scales measure psychopathology through extreme items that are rarely endorsed by the norm population?
- which one of them is considered the best measure of overall psychopathology?
- which one is the best at detecting feigning serious pathology?
•F (Infrequency):
-considered the best measure of overall
psychopathology
-In addition to psychopathology, measures
resentment, acting out, moodiness
•Fb (Infrequency Back):
-like the ‘F’ scale, it has items infrequently endorsed
by the normed population but looks explicitly at
how answers shift through the course of the test
-also can measure decompensation on the latter
half of the test
•Fp (Infrequency Pathology):
-better at detecting those feigning serious
pathology
-developed of items endorsed less than 10% of the
time
MMPI-2 Validity Scales:
- what does the L scale measure?
- what does the K scale measure?
- L (Lie scale): measures impression management as well as denial, repression, etc
- K (Correction scale): includes an automatic correction for defensiveness; measures defense response patterns, but this scale can also have an elevated T score if folks are rich, highly educated, etc
Motivational Interviewing
- describe it
- what is the RULE method?
- directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavioral change by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalence
- RULE:
- Resist the righting reflex
- Understand the cl’s own motivations
- Listen with empathy
- Empower the client
Personality Tests
- what are they used for?
- name the personality assessments we have learned about
•used to accurately and consistently measure personality constructs
- MMPI-2 (and now-3)
- 16PF
- PAI
- MCMI-IV
MMSE
- full name
- what is it used for?
•Mini-Mental Status Exam
- quick, simple way to quantify cognitive functioning and screen for cognitive loss
- tests an individual’s orientation (person/place etc), attention, calculation, recall, language, motor skills
- one of the tools to assess mental status in an intake, but can be used to start any appointment
Congruence
- the matching of experience and awareness
- being connected to the self
- most commonly a person-centered term (real+ideal self/organismic + self-concept) but is used widely across therapeutic interventions
Incongruence
-through the person-centered lens, how does this happen?
- having feelings not aligned with one’s actions
- through the person-centered lens, it results from internalized conditions of worth that lead people to disconnect from parts of themselves
name some of the key concepts of Bowen Therapy
- the 8 interlocking concepts
- Core Problem Dynamic (CPD)?
- Mechanism of Change (MOC)?
- overall goal?
- Key Concepts: togetherness; individuation; differentiation; differentiation of the self; emotional triangles; Nuclear family emotional system; counterbalancing; multigenerational transmission process; sibling position; emotional cutoff
- CPD: Fusion, lack of differentiation, ostracization, emotional reactivity
- MOC: Explore family of origin anxieties, healthy attachment
- Goal: differentiation, autonomy and relationship, the balance of emotions & thoughts
Bowen Therapy:
- describe Differentiation of Self (DOS) conceptually
- what does this look like in a real person?
- DOS: the ability to be one’s own person while still being connected to the system
- one of 8 main interlocking concepts of the theory
•Looks like:
- someone who is intentional and attuned - doesn't respond defensively or automatically during the conversation, especially around conflict - able to manage their anxieties without pulling others into it - integrated emotional/rationality and need of others
Bowen Therapy:
-which of the 8 main concepts is considered to be the most important for overall functioning and improvement?
•Differentiation of Self
Bowen Therapy
-describe Lack of Differentiation
- someone who acts automatically and often defensively
* someone who seeks completion of self in their partner
Bowen Therapy
- describe Nuclear Family Emotional Systems (NFES)
- obv include the patterns
•one of the 8 interlocking main concepts of the theory
•4 patterns governing where problems may develop within the family system:
a) emotional distancing in family
b) marital conflict
c) dysfunction in partner- one over-functions, one
under-functions
d) impairment in child
Bowen Therapy
-describe Counterbalancing
•competing life forces of togetherness (fusion) and individuality (cutoff)
Bowen Therapy
-describe Emotional Triangles
- one of the 8 interlocking main concepts of the theory
- when the dyad collapses, someone brings in a 3rd person to avoid anxiety; attempts to diffuse; this isn’t good or bad necessarily
Bown Therapy
- describe Family Projection Systems
- what does this look like in a person?
•one of the main 8
- transmitting emotional problems to the child
- looks like a need for approval; tendency to blame; excessive responsibility; impulsive action; needs increase in child and parent interprets and interacts differently than what is needed
Bowen Therapy
-describe Multigenerational Transmission Process
- one of 8 main concepts
- occurs over several generations in which poorly differentiated persons marry equally immature partners, ultimately resulting in children suffering from severe psychological problems
Bowen Therapy
-describe Emotional Cutoff
•one of 8 main
- flight from unresolved emotional attachment
- how some people manage anxiety in relationships
- greater fusion between parents and children, the greater likelihood of cutoff
Bowen Therapy
-describe Sibling Position
•one of 8 main
•people who grow up in the same sibling position predictably have important common characteristics
•(e.g. oldest children tend to gravitate to
positions of leadership while youngest children
tend to gravitate to follower positions)
Bowen Therapy
-describe Societal Emotional Process
•last of 8 main interlocking concepts
- process of differentiation that happens across many environments
- (e.g. churches, societal organizations, cultures)
- anxiety bubbles up and individuals fuse or triangulate, cutoff, or leave.
- *note: anxiety bubbles up also in organizations commonly
Structural Family Therapy
- who?
- key concepts
- core problem dynamic
- mechanism of change
- Goal
•the most widely practiced form of family therapy- it focuses on the family as a system, examining interactions within the various subsystems, boundaries, hierarchies
- Salvador Minuchin
- Key Concepts: family structure, rules, subsystems, executive subsystem (parents/caregivers), boundaries
•Core Problem Dynamic: boundaries too rigid or diffused; incongruent subsystem, too rigid; conflict avoidance
- Mechanism of Change: executive subsystem, support, clear structure
- Goal: structure, so families can function in a way that allows them to solve their own problems
Structural Family Therapy
-describe Enmeshment
•loss of autonomy due to the blurring of psychological boundaries
-diffusion, diffuse boundaries
Structural Family Therapy
-describe disengagement
•psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family
Structural Family Therapy
-describe the Family Structure concept
•the way a family is organized into subsystems whose interactions are regulated by interpersonal boundaries
-the process and structure is reinforced by
expectations that establish rules within the family
Structural Family Therapy
-describe the concept of subsystems
•additional systems functioning within the family based on a generation, gender, common roles, etc that impact the way individuals interact with each other and then interact as a subsystem with the other subsystems in the family, which then impacts the overall family system
Structural Family Therapy
- describe boundaries
- describe the concept of rigidity
- Boundaries: barriers that regulate contact with others
* Rigidity: restrictive; permits little contact
Structural Family Therapy
-how does this theory understand the development of problems in the family system?
- what are disengaged families?
- what is the goal when working with disengaged families?
•How Problems Develop: increase or decrease of rigidity of structures that are no longer working (e.g. external pressures introduced, etc); problems maintained by the dysfunctional family organization
•Disengaged Families: rigid boundaries, fails to mobilize support when needed; unaware
-Goal: differentiate individuals and subsystems;
strengthen boundaries
Structural Family Therapy
-describe the aspects involved in the conditions for change
•Joining: therapist accepting/accomodating to families; win their confidence and circumvent resistance
-accomodating to their style: therapist gives
leverage
- Restructuring: maneuvers/transforms the family structure
- Enactment: interaction stimulated in order to observe and then change transactions that make up the family structure. Deal directly with each other in sessions; therapist observes/modifies interactions
Reframing
- identifying and then disputing irrational or maladaptive thoughts; emphasizing strengths
- relabeling a family’s description of behavior to make it more amenable to therapeutic change; helps to change the family rules
ADDRESSING Model
- Age
- Disability (developmental)
- Disability (acquired)
- Religion
- Ethnicity
- Sexual Orientation
- Socioeconomic Status
- Indigenous heritage
- Nationality
- Gender identity
