Social and Multicultural

Question 1

Research about how features of a relationship’s exterior (physical and social environment) influences relationship satisfaction

Answer 1

Ellen Berscheid

Question 2

A psychoanalytic theory that explores how early relationships with caregivers shape a person’s adult relationships

Answer 2

Object relations theory

Question 3

A situation where someone receives contradictory messages, creating a no-win situation where any response is perceived as wrong

Based on research by the MRI group on Communications Family Therapy.

Answer 3

Double-bind communication

Question 4

Minuchin distinguished between three types of rigid triads that help alleviate tension between two family members.

___________ occurs when parents avoid the tension between them by either blaming or overprotecting a child.

Answer 4

Detouring

Question 5

A model of persuasion that describes how people manage information.

Central route: involves motivated processing and evaluation of messages. More likely to lead to long-lasting change.

Peripheral route: involves more superficial aspects of the message. More likely to lead to short-term change.

Answer 5

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Question 6

The classical approach to decision-making that involves basing decisions on a clear definition of the problem, knowing all possible alternatives and consequences of choices, and then choosing the optimal solution.

Answer 6

Rational-economic model

Question 7

A “behavioral” or “satisficing” style of decision-making used when problems are ambiguous, only partial knowledge is available, and the first satisfactory alternative is chosen.

Answer 7

Administrative approach
Herbert Simon

Question 8

A theory of leadership recommending that the leader increase personal payoffs for subordinates and make the paths to payoffs easier by reducing roadblocks.

Answer 8

House’s Path-Goal Theory

Question 9

A theory of career development that proposes career choices are a reflection of an individual’s evolving self-concept, and outlines 5 stages of career development.

Includes the concept of career/vocational maturity: a person’s ability to master the tasks of a given stage in preparation for moving to the next stage.

Answer 9

Super’s life/career rainbow

Question 10

A developmental theory of career decision-making suggesting that people choose careers based on what they have learned through modeling and reinforcement.

Answer 10

Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory

Question 11

The phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior or performance simply because they are aware of being observed.

Answer 11

Hawthorne effect

Question 12

The phenomenon where a person’s expectations about someone/something can influence performance, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

E.g., an investigator’s expectations about the outcome of a given study affects the actual study outcome

E.g., a teacher believes a certain student is bright and gives them more opportunities to shine, leading to better performance

Answer 12

Rosenthal effect
Pygmalion effect

Question 13

According to this theory:

Dissatisfaction results when lower-level needs (hygiene factors) are not met, but meeting them does not produce satisfaction.

Meeting upper-level needs (motivators/satisfiers) can increase motivation, but not meeting them does not result in dissatisfaction.

Answer 13

Herzberg’s two-factor theory

Question 14

According to Herzberg, ______________ involves expanding jobs to give employees a greater role in planning and performing their work. Results in increased satisfaction and performance.

Answer 14

Job enrichment

Question 15

According to Herzberg, ______________ involves expanding the variety of tasks the employee performs. Increases satisfaction, and only slightly affects job performance.

Answer 15

Job enlargement

Question 16

An __________ task is one in which group members’ separate performances are added to produce a combined effect.

Answer 16

Additive

Question 17

A __________ task is one in which the outcome is affected by the performance of the most effective group member.

Answer 17

Disjunctive

Question 18

A ___________ task is one in which the group’s accomplishment is limited by the performance of the least effective group member.

Answer 18

Conjunctive

Question 19

A psychological phenomenon where people tend to accept vague and general personality descriptions as highly accurate and specific to themselves.

E.g., horoscopes, psychics

Answer 19

Barnum effect

Question 20

Psychologist who coined the term homophobia to describe the extreme aversion to being in the presence of gay men or women.

Answer 20

George Weinberg

Question 21

The first step in designing training programs.

Answer 21

Needs assessment

Question 22

A procedure conducted specifically to determine the relative worth of jobs in order to set salaries and wages.

Answer 22

Job evaluation

Question 23

A procedure conducted to know the duties and skills needed to successfully perform a job.

Answer 23

Job analysis

Question 24

An explanation of the leniency that groups sometimes display when high-status members violate group norms.

Answer 24

Hollander’s concept of idiosyncrasy credits

Question 25

The principle of __________________ proposes that the more similar the training and performance situations are with regard to the presented stimuli and required responses, the greater the transfer of training.

Answer 25

Identical elements (Thorndike and Woodworth)

Question 26

In a ________________, the points on the scale are "anchored" with descriptions of specific job behaviors. These anchors may be called critical incidents.

Answer 26

Behaviorally-Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)

Question 27

A theory of management that emphasizes customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous change.

Answer 27

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Question 28

We are attracted to others who have similar attitudes because interacting with them is more rewarding than interacting with people who have dissimilar attitudes.

Answer 28

Byrne's law of attraction

Question 29

Sherif used the _______________ to study conformity to group norms.

Answer 29

Autokinetic effect

Question 30

According to ___________, human behavior is a product of interdependent factors in the person and their physical and social environment.

Answer 30

Lewin's Field Theory

Question 31

Predicts that people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreasing liking for them.

Answer 31

Gain-loss effect

Question 32

Research by Kobasa et al. (1982) found that the personality trait of ___________ acts as a protective factor against stress and has 3 primary characteristics: 1) commitment (a sense of purpose and involvement in one's relationships and life events) 2) challenge (an openness to new experiences and change) 3) control (belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events)

Answer 32

Hardiness

Question 33

Researchers that distinguished between four intraindividual (motivational) conflicts: 1) approach-approach 2) avoidance-avoidance 3) approach-avoidance 4) double approach-avoidance

Answer 33

Lewin and Miller

Question 34

The ____________ is a method of learning in which assignments must be completed by teams with each team member being assigned a different piece of the project. Found to improve intergroup relations, cooperation, and self-esteem, esp. for members of minority groups.

Answer 34

Jigsaw method

Question 35

The _____________ hypothesis predicts that when people are externally rewarded for a task they previously found intrinsically interesting, their intrinsic interest in the task will decrease.

Answer 35

Overjustification

Question 36

The tendency to resist being influenced or manipulated by others, usually by doing the opposite of what is expected or requested.

Answer 36

Psychological reactance

Question 37

Research with boys at a summer camp demonstrated that the most effective way to reduce intergroup hostility is having the members of the groups cooperate to achieve a mutual (superordinate) goal.

Answer 37

Robber's Cave Study (Sherif)

Question 38

People have 3 "categories of judgment" by which they evaluate persuasive messages. 1) latitude of acceptance 2) latitude of non-commitment 3) latitude of rejection People are most likely to be persuaded when the message is within their latitude of acceptance.

Answer 38

Social Judgment Theory

Question 39

This type of discipline involves the parent calling the child's attention to the negative consequences for others of the child's bad behavior, mobilizing in the child both empathy for others as well as recognition of responsibility for their own actions.

Answer 39

Inductive

Question 40

______________ communication networks (Responses 1 and 2) are like a wheel or a chain, with one person in the middle who gets all the information. In ______________ communication networks, all members communicate with one another.

Answer 40

1) Centralized 2) Decentralized

Question 41

_____________ argued that use of IQ tests resulted in the placement of a disproportionate amount of minority students in classes for the educable mentally retarded (EMR).

Answer 41

Larry P. v. Riles

Question 42

In __________________, students of different ability levels and cultural backgrounds work together on completing assignments and projects. Research has demonstrated that these classes help low ability students improve their academic functioning, but it remains unclear whether these classes benefit high ability students.

Answer 42

Cooperative learning classes