Social and Multicultural Flashcards
Research about how features of a relationship’s exterior (physical and social environment) influences relationship satisfaction
Ellen Berscheid
A psychoanalytic theory that explores how early relationships with caregivers shape a person’s adult relationships
Object relations theory
A situation where someone receives contradictory messages, creating a no-win situation where any response is perceived as wrong
Based on research by the MRI group on Communications Family Therapy.
Double-bind communication
Minuchin distinguished between three types of rigid triads that help alleviate tension between two family members.
___________ occurs when parents avoid the tension between them by either blaming or overprotecting a child.
Detouring
A model of persuasion that describes how people manage information.
Central route: involves motivated processing and evaluation of messages. More likely to lead to long-lasting change.
Peripheral route: involves more superficial aspects of the message. More likely to lead to short-term change.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
The classical approach to decision-making that involves basing decisions on a clear definition of the problem, knowing all possible alternatives and consequences of choices, and then choosing the optimal solution.
Rational-economic model
A “behavioral” or “satisficing” style of decision-making used when problems are ambiguous, only partial knowledge is available, and the first satisfactory alternative is chosen.
Administrative approach
Herbert Simon
A theory of leadership recommending that the leader increase personal payoffs for subordinates and make the paths to payoffs easier by reducing roadblocks.
House’s Path-Goal Theory
A theory of career development that proposes career choices are a reflection of an individual’s evolving self-concept, and outlines 5 stages of career development.
Includes the concept of career/vocational maturity: a person’s ability to master the tasks of a given stage in preparation for moving to the next stage.
Super’s life/career rainbow
A developmental theory of career decision-making suggesting that people choose careers based on what they have learned through modeling and reinforcement.
Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory
The phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior or performance simply because they are aware of being observed.
Hawthorne effect
The phenomenon where a person’s expectations about someone/something can influence performance, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
E.g., an investigator’s expectations about the outcome of a given study affects the actual study outcome
E.g., a teacher believes a certain student is bright and gives them more opportunities to shine, leading to better performance
Rosenthal effect
Pygmalion effect
According to this theory:
Dissatisfaction results when lower-level needs (hygiene factors) are not met, but meeting them does not produce satisfaction.
Meeting upper-level needs (motivators/satisfiers) can increase motivation, but not meeting them does not result in dissatisfaction.
Herzberg’s two-factor theory
According to Herzberg, ______________ involves expanding jobs to give employees a greater role in planning and performing their work. Results in increased satisfaction and performance.
Job enrichment
According to Herzberg, ______________ involves expanding the variety of tasks the employee performs. Increases satisfaction, and only slightly affects job performance.
Job enlargement
An __________ task is one in which group members’ separate performances are added to produce a combined effect.
Additive
A __________ task is one in which the outcome is affected by the performance of the most effective group member.
Disjunctive
A ___________ task is one in which the group’s accomplishment is limited by the performance of the least effective group member.
Conjunctive
A psychological phenomenon where people tend to accept vague and general personality descriptions as highly accurate and specific to themselves.
E.g., horoscopes, psychics
Barnum effect
Psychologist who coined the term homophobia to describe the extreme aversion to being in the presence of gay men or women.
George Weinberg
The first step in designing training programs.
Needs assessment
A procedure conducted specifically to determine the relative worth of jobs in order to set salaries and wages.
Job evaluation
A procedure conducted to know the duties and skills needed to successfully perform a job.
Job analysis
An explanation of the leniency that groups sometimes display when high-status members violate group norms.
Hollander’s concept of idiosyncrasy credits
The principle of __________________ proposes that the more similar the training and performance situations are with regard to the presented stimuli and required responses, the greater the transfer of training.
Identical elements
(Thorndike and Woodworth)
In a ________________, the points on the scale are “anchored” with descriptions of specific job behaviors. These anchors may be called critical incidents.
Behaviorally-Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
A theory of management that emphasizes customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and continuous change.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
