Cognitive/Affective Bases of Behavior Flashcards
Remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time
Prospective memory
The recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are remembered without conscious awareness
Procedural memory (implicit or non-declarative)
Memory of autobiographical events
Episodic memory (subtype of explicit/declarative memory)
Memory for the meanings of words and facts
Semantic memory (subtype of explicit/declarative memory)
Reinforcement based on a specific number of occurrences of the behavior
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs the first time the subject emits the target behavior after a set amount of time has elapsed
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs the first time the subject emits the target behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed
Variable interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses are emitted (e.g., slot machines)
Variable ratio schedule
A type of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus by a short interval and overlaps into the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone sounding before and while food is presented)
Delay conditioning
A type of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus by a small time gap, but there is no overlap (e.g., a tone is presented, and five seconds later, food is presented)
Trace conditioning
A type of conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly at a consistent time interval, and time begins to act as the conditioned stimulus (e.g., zoo animals are consistently fed at noon each day)
Temporal conditioning
A type of conditioning where the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus completely overlap, so no learning actually takes place (e.g., tone and food at the same time)
Simultaneous conditioning
A type of conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus precedes the neutral stimulus, so no learning actually takes place (e.g., food presented before tone)
Backward conditioning
A type of learning where the subject learns to differentiate between situations in which reinforcement is likely versus unlikely (e.g., different caregivers more/less likely to reinforce)
Discrimination learning OR stimulus control
A high frequency behavior (i.e., something the person likes to do) can be used to reinforce a low frequency behavior (i.e., something the person doesn’t like to do)
Premack principle
The tendency to remember and work on incomplete tasks. The brain continues to work unconsciously when a person can’t recall something.
Zeigarnik effeect
Regarding the serial position effect, which words of the list are best remembered on DELAYED recall?
Beginning of the list
(Primacy effect)
A distortion of memory that involves confabulation, or the type of errors made when someone is attempting to reconstruct the past.
Paramnesia
When recently learned material interferes with the ability to recall material learned in the past.
Retroactive interference
REcently learned material is the cause
When previously learned material interferes with the ability to learn or recall current material.
Proactive interference
PReviously learned material is the cause
A passive “holding tank” for small amounts of information requiring no mental manipulation (e.g., remembering 5 digits in a sequence, remembering a sentence)
Primary memory
(Subset of short-term memory)
A type of long-term memory that refers to our general knowledge and understanding of the world, including expectations and beliefs about events and situations, which helps us understand and remember stories and experiences.
Schematic memory
Responding to two or more stimuli based on their combination rather than on the individual experience of any of those stimuli alone.
Configural learning
In conditioning, refers to elicited behavior directed towards a stimulus that is reliably paired with a primary reinforcer.
Sign tracking
When different schedules of reinforcement are available at the same time for different behaviors, individuals will allocate their behavior according to the relative rates of reinforcement available for each option
Matching law
An inability to associate a specific conditioned stimulus and a specific unconditioned stimulus despite repeated conditioning experiences
Contrapreparedness
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus signals that an aversive event is coming.
Conditioned suppression
Motivations that encourage or discourage certain behaviors. Their purpose is to enhance or reduce the reinforcement value.
Motivating operations
A two-stage theory of visual attention that explains how an individual combines pieces of observable information about an object to form a complete perception of the object.
Feature-Integration Theory (FIT)
Treisman and Gelade (1980)
___________ suggests that it is often easier to learn something new than to unlearn something familiar.
Latent inhibition
Occurs when a change in the reinforcement or punishment schedule for a behavior in one context leads to a change in the opposite direction in another context, even if the second context remains unchanged.
E.g., If a child’s disruptive behavior is punished at school, they might exhibit more disruptive behavior at home, even if nothing has changed in the home environment.
Behavioral contrast
A method of examining how individuals process information and solve problems by observing their verbal behavior while performing a task.
Protocol analysis
A behavioral intervention technique where a reinforcer is removed following an undesirable behavior, acting as a negative punishment.
Response cost
Mediated generalization is another name for ___________ generalization.
Stimulus
What are the correlations of IQ scores for:
Siblings reared apart:
Siblings reared together:
Identical twins:
Parent/child:
Siblings reared apart: .25
Siblings reared together: .50
Identical twins: .75
Parent/child: .40 to .45
