Cognitive/Affective Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time

A

Prospective memory

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2
Q

The recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are remembered without conscious awareness

A

Procedural memory (implicit or non-declarative)

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3
Q

Memory of autobiographical events

A

Episodic memory (subtype of explicit/declarative memory)

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4
Q

Memory for the meanings of words and facts

A

Semantic memory (subtype of explicit/declarative memory)

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5
Q

Reinforcement based on a specific number of occurrences of the behavior

A

Fixed ratio schedule

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6
Q

Reinforcement occurs the first time the subject emits the target behavior after a set amount of time has elapsed

A

Fixed interval schedule

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7
Q

Reinforcement occurs the first time the subject emits the target behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

A

Variable interval schedule

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8
Q

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses are emitted (e.g., slot machines)

A

Variable ratio schedule

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9
Q

A type of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus by a short interval and overlaps into the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone sounding before and while food is presented)

A

Delay conditioning

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10
Q

A type of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus by a small time gap, but there is no overlap (e.g., a tone is presented, and five seconds later, food is presented)

A

Trace conditioning

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11
Q

A type of conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly at a consistent time interval, and time begins to act as the conditioned stimulus (e.g., zoo animals are consistently fed at noon each day)

A

Temporal conditioning

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12
Q

A type of conditioning where the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus completely overlap, so no learning actually takes place (e.g., tone and food at the same time)

A

Simultaneous conditioning

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13
Q

A type of conditioning where the unconditioned stimulus precedes the neutral stimulus, so no learning actually takes place (e.g., food presented before tone)

A

Backward conditioning

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14
Q

A type of learning where the subject learns to differentiate between situations in which reinforcement is likely versus unlikely (e.g., different caregivers more/less likely to reinforce)

A

Discrimination learning OR stimulus control

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15
Q

A high frequency behavior (i.e., something the person likes to do) can be used to reinforce a low frequency behavior (i.e., something the person doesn’t like to do)

A

Premack principle

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16
Q

The tendency to remember and work on incomplete tasks. The brain continues to work unconsciously when a person can’t recall something.

A

Zeigarnik effeect

17
Q

Regarding the serial position effect, which words of the list are best remembered on DELAYED recall?

A

Beginning of the list
(Primacy effect)

18
Q

A distortion of memory that involves confabulation, or the type of errors made when someone is attempting to reconstruct the past.

A

Paramnesia

19
Q

When recently learned material interferes with the ability to recall material learned in the past.

A

Retroactive interference
REcently learned material is the cause

20
Q

When previously learned material interferes with the ability to learn or recall current material.

A

Proactive interference
PReviously learned material is the cause

21
Q

A passive “holding tank” for small amounts of information requiring no mental manipulation (e.g., remembering 5 digits in a sequence, remembering a sentence)

A

Primary memory
(Subset of short-term memory)

22
Q

A type of long-term memory that refers to our general knowledge and understanding of the world, including expectations and beliefs about events and situations, which helps us understand and remember stories and experiences.

A

Schematic memory

23
Q

Responding to two or more stimuli based on their combination rather than on the individual experience of any of those stimuli alone.

A

Configural learning

24
Q

In conditioning, refers to elicited behavior directed towards a stimulus that is reliably paired with a primary reinforcer.

A

Sign tracking

25
Q

When different schedules of reinforcement are available at the same time for different behaviors, individuals will allocate their behavior according to the relative rates of reinforcement available for each option

A

Matching law

26
Q

An inability to associate a specific conditioned stimulus and a specific unconditioned stimulus despite repeated conditioning experiences

A

Contrapreparedness

27
Q

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus signals that an aversive event is coming.

A

Conditioned suppression

28
Q

Motivations that encourage or discourage certain behaviors. Their purpose is to enhance or reduce the reinforcement value.

A

Motivating operations

29
Q

A two-stage theory of visual attention that explains how an individual combines pieces of observable information about an object to form a complete perception of the object.

A

Feature-Integration Theory (FIT)
Treisman and Gelade (1980)

30
Q

___________ suggests that it is often easier to learn something new than to unlearn something familiar.

A

Latent inhibition