Biological Bases of Behavior

Question 1

One of the two broad categories of seizures; includes simple (focal area of the brain) and complex

Answer 1

Partial seizure

Question 2

Dramatic seizures that involve convulsions throughout the body

Answer 2

Grand mal or tonic-clonic seizures

Question 3

A type of seizure that does not usually include unusual movements; rather, it can include a blank stare, rolling of the eyes, and slight mouth movements

Answer 3

Petit mal seizures

Question 4

Lack of awareness of a disability or the nature of one’s illness

Answer 4

Anosagnosia

Question 5

The area of the brain that plays a central role in planning, impulse control, and socially appropriate behavior

Answer 5

Frontal lobe

Question 6

The area of the brain responsible for integrating sensory and spatial information

Answer 6

Parietal lobe

Question 7

The area of the brain that plays a crucial role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion

Answer 7

Temporal lobe

Question 8

A state of global brain dysfunction with symptoms ranging from mild cognitive impairments to agitated delirium or coma. Common causes include kidney or liver failure, diabetes, and thyroid dysfunction.

Answer 8

Metabolic encephalopathy

Question 9

A syndrome caused by damage to the parietal lobe, characterized by finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

Answer 9

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Question 10

Brief episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by strong emotions, such as laughter, anger, or surprise

Answer 10

Cataplexy

Question 11

This structure in the limbic system moderates or decreases aggression. Damage to this structure can result in rage.

Answer 11

Septum

Question 12

Lack of coordination of voluntary movements. Hallmark of cerebellar disease.

Answer 12

Ataxia

Question 13

Neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, memory, and cognition.

Answer 13

Acetylcholine

Question 14

These long chains of amino acids help to regulate stress and pain.

Answer 14

Peptide neurotransmitters
Endorphins
Endogenous opioids

Question 15

The master endocrine gland that releases hormones to activate other endocrine glands.

Answer 15

Pituitary gland

Question 16

One of the first medical disorders to suspect when there are symptoms of anxiety or a manic episode.

Answer 16

Hyperthyroidism

Question 17

One of the first medical disorders to suspect when there are symptoms of depression.

Answer 17

Hypothyroidism

Question 18

Broken or choppy speech due to damage in the left frontal lobe.

Answer 18

Broca’s aphasia

Question 19

The loss of language abilities due to damage in the brain.

Answer 19

Aphasia

Question 20

Incomprehensible speech, inability to follow verbal commands or repeat phrases, and being unaware of the problem are features of this condition.

Answer 20

Wernicke’s aphasia
Receptive aphasia

Question 21

Problems recalling words or names, possibly due to damage to the parietal or temporal lobe.

Answer 21

Anomic aphasia
Anomia

Question 22

Inability to carry out voluntary or purposeful motor movements, even though there are no motor or sensory deficits.

Answer 22

Apraxia

Question 23

The loss of ability to recognize a specific sensory stimulus, such as objects, sounds, shapes, or smells.

Answer 23

Agnosia

Question 24

This organ metabolizes drugs and biotransforms anything that comes into it. Gatekeeper to protect the body (poison detector)

Answer 24

Liver

Question 25

This type of drug stimulates receptors (causes the receptor to do what it's wired to do)

Answer 25

Agonist

Question 26

This type of drug binds with receptors like a cork, blocking them from doing their job

Answer 26

Antagonist

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action for early antipsychotic drugs such as Thorazine and Haldol?

Answer 27

Dopamine 2 antagonist Theory is that the dopamine 2 receptor is overactive in schizophrenia

Question 28

A movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive, and uncontrollable movements that develop as a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists).

Answer 28

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 29

A neurological disorder characterized by severe memory loss (both anterograde and retrograde), and confabulation (making up stories to fill memory gaps).

Answer 29

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 30

Name the brain waves associated with: 1) Wakefulness 2) Relaxed wakefulness 3) Light sleep 4) Deep sleep

Answer 30

1) Beta 2) Alpha 3) Theta 4) Delta

Question 31

The physiological process by which short-term memories become long-term memories.

Answer 31

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 32

A learning rule that describes how neuronal activities influence the connection between neurons (i.e., synaptic plasticity). Provides a biological basis for the pairing of stimulus and response in classical conditioning

Answer 32

Hebbian rule

Question 33

A brain structure in the limbic system that plays a significant role in the influence of reinforcement on behavior where dopamine is central to the reinforcing quality of events.

Answer 33

Nucleus accumbens

Question 34

The time between injury and drug treatment during which the treatment is still effective.

Answer 34

Therapeutic window

Question 35

Excess of this neurotransmitter can be a potent neuronal "excitotoxin," triggering either rapid or delayed death of neurons. This can lead to seizures and stroke-related brain damage, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's.

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

A class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

Answer 36

Catecholamines

Question 37

Symptoms caused by several drugs including the antipsychotics and tricyclic antidepressants. Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion.

Answer 37

Anticholinergic effects

Question 38

A progressive disease of the nervous system that involves a degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the CNS. Common initial symptoms: motor impairments, sensory abnormalities, fatigue

Answer 38

Multiple sclerosis

Question 39

A severe form of nonfluent aphasia, caused by damage to the left side of the brain, that affects both receptive and expressive language skills as well as auditory and visual comprehension

Answer 39

Global aphasia

Question 40

DNA and RNA have been associated with _________ as well as genetics.

Answer 40

Memory

Question 41

A common extrapyramidal side effect of traditional antipsychotic medications that involves restlessness, accompanied by excessive movements.

Answer 41

Akathisia

Question 42

A movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements, or abnormal postures.

Answer 42

Dystonia

Question 43

A ____________ seizure is a type of simple partial seizure where there is a brief alteration in movement, sensation or nerve function that starts in one part of the body, then spreads to another, oftentimes beginning in an extremity and "marching" up the limb.

Answer 43

Jacksonian

Question 44

_____________ hallucinations occur as a person falls asleep. _____________ hallucinations occur as a person wakes up.

Answer 44

1) Hypnogogic 2) Hypnopompic

Question 45

A key component of the basal ganglia that plays a vital role in regulating movement, reward processing, and cognitive functions like decision-making and habit formation.

Answer 45

Striatum