Social and Cultural Foundations Flashcards
Many members of the counseling profession have engaged in social reform efforts intended to reduce spouse abuse. These efforts have had limited effect because
A. spouse abuse occurs primarily among persons of low socioeconomic status, a group of people not generally prone to seek counseling services.
B. many people, both male and female, believe that spouse abuse is a “family matter” and, therefore, not subject to intervention from persons outside the family.
C. increasing incidence of incarceration of spouse abusers has reduced the need for counseling services.
D. all of the above.
B. many people, both male and female, believe that spouse abuse is a “family matter” and, therefore, not subject to intervention from persons outside the family.
A counselor was working with a client who had been referred by a supervisor because the client had been having problems with co-workers, problems primarily attributable to the clients prejudicial attitudes toward ethnic minorities. The counselor asked how the client had come to hold the (prejudicial) attitudes the client was presenting. The client replied “I don’t really know or care. It just makes those folks easier to understand.” The client’s statements reflect which of the following models that have been used to explain the formation of prejudicial attitudes?
A. social learning.
B. information processing.
C. social conflict.
D. authoritarianism.
B. information processing.
A client was referred to a counselor by a physician. On the physician’s advice, the client had been taking valium to alleviate “minor instances of stress.” Initially, small doses of valium were sufficient to alleviate the client’s stress. However, over a period of approximately one-year, the client had found it necessary to take increasingly larger doses to bring about similar stress reduction. The counselor surmised that the client had developed a(n) to the valium.
A. psychological dependence.
B. addiction.
C. physical dependence.
D. tolerance.
D. tolerance.
Because of the nature of the counseling process, some concepts from the field of speech and communications are readily applied to counseling. For example, counselors often find it appropriate to give (ie. send) persuasive messages to clients. Such messages are more likely to be received (ie. heard and accepted) if the counselor, as the message sender, exhibits certain characteristics. Which of the following is NOT a primary characteristic of effective persuasive communicators?
A. emotionality.
B. attractiveness.
C. expertness.
D. trustworthiness.
A. emotionality.
In recent years the language used in federal and many state legislative acts relative to counseling services for persons with handicaps has tended to shift from the use of general categorical definitions to non-categorical definitions of functional limitations of handicapping conditions. This change appears to reflect a realization that
A. the medical (ie. physical) diagnosis is the most accurate basis for determining an appropriate level of funding.
B. a specific disability has essentially the same effect in any educational or work setting.
C. funding bases should not incorporate considerations of categories of disabilities.
D. all categorically disabled people do not have the same functional limitations in all work or educational situations.
D. all categorically disabled people do not have the same functional limitations in all work or educational situations.
Research on the development in a person of a so-called “humanistic life outlook” has shown that it is facilitated by
A. formal educational experiences.
B. observational learning experiences.
C. diverse interpersonal interactions.
D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in assertiveness training, initially they experience uncertainly and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social-psychological concept as
A. cognitive dissonance.
B. dissociation.
C. individuation.
D. acculturation.
A. cognitive dissonance.
A group of people living together with prescribed patterns of interdependent behavior could be best described as a
A. culture
B. society
C. class
D. cult
B. society
Which of the following does NOT influence conformity to the expected standards of behavior within a culture?
A. physical punishment.
B. praise.
C. acceptance.
D. events.
D. events.
In counseling older adults to achieve greater life satisfaction, counseling goals are more easily defined with the recognition that life satisfaction among older persons is primarily related to
A. economic well-being.
B. sexuality.
C. self-concept.
D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
Counselors use a variety of terms to describe patterns of interpersonal interactions because those terms reflect sets of behavioral characteristics. For example, a primary characteristic of a “closed” interpersonal system is
A. group membership inflexibility.
B. high levels of education among group members.
C. erratic interpersonal interactions.
D. limited “appropriate” conversational topics.
A. group membership inflexibility.
When communicating with other professionals, counselors use various words or phrases to describe the behaviors being exhibited by their clients. For example, when a client is attributing personally held feelings to another person, a counselor might say that the client is engaging in a process known as
A. sex-role orientation.
B. universalization.
C. identification.
D. projection.
D. projection.
In order to diagnose clients from a different culture:
a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.
c. the counselor will find the ICD diagnosis useless.
d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis when
counseling clients from another culture.
a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.
In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents
a. a separate race.
b. a separate culture.
c. the silent middle class.
d. a separate national culture.
b. a separate culture.
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
a. Freud
b. Durkheim
c. McDougall
d. Berne
d. Berne
_______ and _______ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
a. Maslow;Rogers
b. Ellis;Harper
c. Freud;Lorenz
d. Glasser;Rogers
c. Freud;Lorenz
_______ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.
a. Instinct theorists
b. Innate aggression theorists
c. Social learning theorists
d. Followers of Erik Erikson
c. Social learning theorists
The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by
a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.
c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.
d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.
a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.
Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He
a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling.
b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life in 1997.
c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40–45
and for women approximately five years earlier.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
The term contextualism implies that
a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.
d. projective tests are more accurate than objective mea-
sures when performing cross-cultural counseling.
b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.
_______ helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
a. Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing (also known as Jen- senism)
b. The civil rights movement
c. Jung’s feeling that all men and women from all cultures
possess a collective unconscious
d. The Tarasoff Duty
b. The civil rights movement
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to
a. the prognosis.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the intervention.
d. attending behavior.
a. the prognosis.
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to
a. recommendations.
b. the diagnosis.
c. the prognosis.
d. the notion of transference.
a. recommendations.
The frustration-aggression theory is associated with
a. Albert Ellis.
b. Robert Havighurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept.
c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.
d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.
A popular balance theory in social psychology is _______ cognitive dissonance theory.
a. Dollard and Miller’s
b. Crites and Roe’s
c. Festinger’s
d. Holland and Super’s
c. Festinger’s
Mores are beliefs
a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
b. which should be the central focus in multicultural coun-
seling.
c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.
d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.
a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.
a. Mark Savickas—a major figure in career counseling
b. Alfred Adler—the Father of Individual Psychology
c. Maxie Maultsby—the Father of Rational Behavior Ther-
apy (RBT)
d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation
d. Frank Parsons—the Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation
A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be
a. universalculture.
b. nationalculture.
c. ecologicalculture.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
