Research/program eval

Question 1

A counselor is conducting a survey wherein observers are rating frequency of aggressive behavior among a group of children in a play-counseling group. Most of the children are neatly dressed and well groomed, but a very few are untidy and disheveled. If the observers ratings were biased because they psychologically equate untidiness and aggressive behavior, it would be an example of the ____effect in research.
A. Hawthorne
B. placebo
C. multiple treatment
D. halo

Answer 1

D. halo

Question 2

A standard deviation is a measure of
A. discrepancy.
B. variability.
C. convariability.
D. stability.

Answer 2

B. variability.

Question 3

75 A counseling researcher computed a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of +.71 between the Graduate Record Examination Total (GRET) scores and the Graduate Grade-Point Average (GGPA) of a group of 28 students in a counselor education program. The researcher correctly concluded that

A. approximately half of whatever was being measured by GGPA was also being measured by GRET for that group of
students.
B. the correlation coefficient was not statistically significant.
C. it would have been better to correlate separately the GRE Verbal and Quantitative subsection scores with GGPA.
D. a larger sample was needed to validly determine the correlation between the variables.

Question 4

A counseling researcher completed a study, the essence of which was the clients= ratings of counseling effectiveness were positively and statistically significantly related to counselors= frequencies of use of active listening (ie. facilitative responding) skills. The counselor then wrote a manuscript describing the study and its results and implications, and submitted copies of it to the Journal of Counseling and Development, Counselor Education and Supervision, and the Journal of Counseling Psychology. The counselor was likely to

A. have the manuscript accepted for publication very soon.
B. have the manuscript rejected because the findings were old news in the counseling profession.
C. be advised to restructure the manuscript into a brief report format.
D. be charged with violation of ACA=s ethical standards and NBCCs Code of Ethics.

Answer 4

D. be charged with violation of ACA=s ethical standards and NBCCs Code of Ethics.

Question 5

A counseling researcher conducted a study in which adult males and females who had exhibited symptoms of depression were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: A) individual counseling, B) group counseling, or C) family counseling. For each condition the counseling intervention was conducted for at least six weeks, at which time the Beck Depression Inventory was administered to the subjects. The researcher was particularly interested in “treatment X gender” interaction effects. Therefore, the researcher would be best advised to conduct a(n)

A. one-way analysis of variance.
B. factorial analysis of variance.
C. multivariate analysis of variance.
D. bi-level analysis of variance.

Answer 5

B. factorial analysis of variance.

Question 6

A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is particularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment?

A. regression
B. maturation
C. reactive effects of experimentation
D. multiple treatment interference

Answer 6

B. maturation

Question 7

A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data?

A. analysis of covariance
B. correlated t-tests
C. analysis of variance
D. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test

Answer 7

A. analysis of covariance

Question 8

If a theory covers a maximum of facts with a minimum of assumptions, it is referred to as being

A. verifiable.
B. abstract.
C. concrete
D. parsimonious

Answer 8

D. parsimonious

Question 9

What would be the dependent variable in the statement “A rolling stone gathers no moss”?

A. no
B. stone
C. moss
D. rolling

Answer 9

moss

Question 10

With which of the following types of experimental validity is the counseling researcher concerned when attempting to generalize research findings to other circumstances and subjects?

A. internal
B. external
C. deductive
D. inductive

Answer 10

B. external

Question 11

A counselor was reviewing articles in professional journals and found four articles where a one-way analysis of variance had been applied as the primary statistical analysis. However, the counselor concluded that it had been applied correctly in only one case. If the following are brief synopses of the studies, for which one was the analysis of variance correctly applied?

A. two groups, where ordinal data were gathered from a “well-adjusted” group and a “poorly adjusted” group
B. three groups, where nominal data were gathered from each group through telephone surveys
C. three groups, where ratio data were gathered from the results of a self-esteem inventory
D. four groups, where nominal data were gathered from “self help”book sales records

Answer 11

C. three groups, where ratio data were gathered from the results of a self-esteem inventory

Question 12

In Pre-Post experimental design studies that use raters to evaluate the effectiveness of counseling performance, which of the following threats to external validity is always in operation.

A. reactive effects on pre-testing
B. maturation
C. statistical regression
D. selection bias

Answer 12

A. reactive effects on pre-testing

Question 13

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means

a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.
b. interpreting the results in the most complex manner.
c. interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient.
d. interpreting the results using a clinical interview.

Answer 13

a. interpreting the results in the simplest way.

Question 14

Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.
b. interpret the results in the most complex manner.
c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient.
d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.

Answer 14

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.

Question 15

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment

a. is parsimonious.
b. is an example of Occam’s Razor.
c. is confounded/flawed.
d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.

Answer 15

c. is confounded/flawed.

Question 16

Nondirective is to person-centered as

a. psychological testing is to counseling.
b. confounding is to experimenting.
c. appraisal is to research.
d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor.

Answer 16

d. parsimony is to Occam’s Razor.

Question 17

An experiment is said to be confounded when

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment.
c. basic research is used in place of applied research.
d. the sample is random.

Answer 17

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.

Question 18

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeed- back training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to con- duct a formal experiment the IV will be the _______, and the DV will be the _______.
a. professor; anxietylevel.
b. anxiety level; board exam score.
c. biofeedback; board exam score.
d. board exam score; biofeedback.

Answer 18

c. biofeedback; board exam score.

Question 19

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the

a. DV.
b. dependent variable.
c. the variable you will measure to determine the outcome.
d. IV or independent variable.

Answer 19

d. IV or independent variable.

Question 20

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of

a. Hoppock.
b. Freud.
c. Lloyd Morgan.
d. R. A. Fisher.

Answer 20

d. R. A. Fisher.

Question 21

The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that

a. all students receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam.
b. systematic desensitization might work better than bio- feedback.
c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.
d. meta-analysisis required.

Answer 21

c. biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.

Question 22

From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a con- trol group (which does not receive the IV or experimental ma- nipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need

a. a correlation coefficient
b. only descriptive statistics.
c. percentile rank.
d. a test of significance.

Answer 22

d. a test of significance.

Question 23

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means
a. portion.
b. population parameter.
c. probability.
d. the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative ap-
proach.

Answer 23

c. probability.

Question 24

In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually

a. .05 or less.
b. 1.0 or higher.
c. .0001 or less.
d. 5.0.

Answer 24

a. .05 or less.

Question 25

P = .05 really means that

a. five subjects were not included in the study.
b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.
c. the level of significance is .01.
d. no level of significance has been set.

Answer 25

b. there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors

Question 26

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
a. .05.
b. .01.
c. .001.
d. .08.

Answer 26

c. .001.

Question 27

Type I and Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively.

a. beta;alpha.
b. .01;.05.
c. a and b.
d. alpha;beta.

Answer 27

d. alpha;beta.

Question 28

A Type II error

a. is also called a beta error.
b. means you reject null when it is applicable.
c. means you accept null when it is false.
d. a and c.

Answer 28

d. a and c.

Question 29

A Type I error occurs when
a. you have a beta error.
b. you accept null when it is false.
c. you reject null when it is true.
d. you fail to use a test of significance.

Answer 29

c. you reject null when it is true.

Question 30

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will

a. confound the experiment in nearly every case.
b. raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
c. have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors.
d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

Answer 30

d. reduce Type I and Type II errors.

Question 31

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimen- tal group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize
a. the student’s ttest.
b. a correlation coefficient.
c. a survey.
d. an analysis of variance or ANOVA.

Answer 31

a. the student’s ttest.

Question 32

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would

a. consult the mode.
b. consult a table for t values.
c. consult a table for F values.
d. compute the chi-square.

Answer 32

c. consult a table for F values.

Question 33

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?

a. .05
b. .01
c. .2
d. .001

Answer 33

d. .001

Question 34

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal

a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.
b. the probability that a significant difference exists.
c. an F test.
d. percentile rank.

Answer 34

a. the relationship between IQ and panic disorder.

Question 35

If data indicates that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be

a. positive.
b. negative.
c. 0.00.
d. impossible to ascertain.

Answer 35

a. positive.

Question 36

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

a. IQ and salary.
b. ICD diagnosis and salary.
c. length in inches and length in centimeters.
d. height and weight.

Answer 36

c. length in inches and length in centimeters.

Question 37

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates’ baby toes with their NCE scores the result would

a. be close to 0.00.
b. be close to a perfect 1.00.
c. be close to a perfect negative correlation of –1.00.
d. be about +.70.

Answer 37

a. be close to 0.00.

Question 38

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X’s research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because

a. systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy.
b. this can only be determined via a histogram.
c. the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects.
d. correlation does not imply causality.

Answer 38

d. correlation does not imply causality.

Question 39

Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experi- mental design. The first step in this approach would be to

a. consult a random number table.
b. decide on a nonparametric statistical test.
c. take a baseline measure.
d. compute the range.

Answer 39

c. take a baseline measure.

Question 40

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a

a. double-blind study.
b. single-blind study.
c. baseline for an intensive N=1 design. d. participant-observer model.

Answer 40

b. single-blind study.

Question 41

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a

a. double-blind study.
b. single-blind study.
c. typical AB design.
d. case of correlational research.

Answer 41

a. double-blind study.

Question 42

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to

a. blind study.
b. double-blind study.
c. N = 1 design.
d. degree of relationship.

Answer 42

d. degree of relationship.

Question 43

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the

a. mean.
b. median.
c. mode.
d. range.

Answer 43

c. mode.

Question 44

The most useful measure of central tendency is the

a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.
b. median often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn.
c. mode often abbreviated by Mo.
d. point of maximum concentration.

Answer 44

a. mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it.

Question 45

In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour. The counselor is using

a. a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
b. a factorial design.
c. the harmonic mean.
d. the mean.

Answer 45

d. the mean.

Question 46

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when

a. the distribution is skewed.
b. the distribution has no extreme scores.
c. there are extreme scores.
d. a and c.

Answer 46

d. a and c.

Question 47

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a _______ design.
a. Pearson product-moment r
b. Spearman rank order rho
c. factorial
d. Solomon four-group design created by psychologist Rich- ard L. Solomon.

Answer 47

c. factorial

Question 48

Nine of the world’s finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be

a. a bell-shaped curve.
b. positively skewed.
c. negatively skewed.
d. more information would be necessary.

Answer 48

c. negatively skewed.

Question 49

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy’s raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy’s raw score indicates that

a. he is roughly a B student.
b. he answered 82% correctly.
c. his percentile rank is 82.
d. more information is obviously necessary.

Answer 49

d. more information is obviously necessary.

Question 50

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a

a. histogram.
b. sociogram.
c. genogram.
d. genus.

Answer 50

a. histogram.

Question 51

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also known as

a. the y axis.
b. the abscissa.
c. the DV.
d. the vertical axis.

Answer 51

b. the abscissa.

Question 52

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the
a. ordinate.
b. abscissa.
c. the IV.
d. the horizontal axis.

Answer 52

a. ordinate.

Question 53

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identi- cal findings, then the experiment

a. is impacted by the observer effect.
b. is said to be a naturalistic observation.
c. is the result of ethological observation.
d. is said to be reliable.

Answer 53

d. is said to be reliable.

Question 54

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be

a. 61.
b. 77.
c. 59.
d. more information is necessary.

Answer 54

a. 61.

Question 55

A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to

a. the normal curve.
b. the range.
c. a correlation coefficient.
d. the John Henry Effect.

Answer 55

c. a correlation coefficient.

Question 56

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be

a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.
b. smaller in the afternoon class.
c. impossible to speculate about without more data.
d. nearly the same in either class.

Answer 56

a. greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.

Question 57

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then

a. the average score on the test would be 122.
b. 95% of the people who take the test will score between 85
and 115.
c. 99% of the people who take the test will score between 85
and 115.
d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

Answer 57

d. 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

Question 58

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z- score of +1 would be the same as

a. one standard deviation above the mean.
b. one standard deviation below the mean.
c. the same as a so-called T-score.
d. the median score if the population is normal.

Answer 58

a. one standard deviation above the mean.

Question 59

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of –2.5 means

a. 2.5 SD below the mean.
b. 2.5 SD above the mean.
c. a CEEB score of 500.
d. –.05% of the population falls within this area of the
curve.

Answer 59

a. 2.5 SD below the mean.

Question 60

A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T- score of 40 would

a. be –2 SD.
b. be –1 SD.
c. be a z-score of +2.
d. be a z-score of +1.

Answer 60

b. be –1 SD.

Question 61

Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as

a. extreme.
b. very typical or within the average range.
c. close to the mean.
d. very low scores.

Answer 61

a. extreme.

Question 62

In World War II the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine

a. 1.
b. 9.
c. 5.
d. 7.

Answer 62

c. 5.

Question 63

There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the or- dinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?

a. A horse categorized as a second place winner in a show.
b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.
c. An IQ score of 111.
d. The weight of an Olympic barbell set.

Answer 63

b. A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.

Question 64

The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be

a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.
b. an IQ score of 111.
c. the weight of an Olympic barbell set.
d. a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit.

Answer 64

a. a horse categorized as a second place winner in a race.

Question 65

The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but can- not multiply or divide. An example of this would be

a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.
b. that a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight.
c. that a first-place runner is three times as fast as the third-
place finisher.
d. that a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can
get 9 times more hits than player number 1.

Answer 65

a. that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.

Question 66

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research

a. the ratio scale is the most practical.
b. all true studies utilize the ratio scale.
c. a and b.
d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

Answer 66

d. most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

Question 67

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be

a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo Effect.
c. the Rosenthal effect.
d. a Type II error in the research.

Answer 67

a. the Hawthorne effect.

Question 68

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of
a. the Hawthorne effect.
b. the Halo effect.
c. the Rosenthal effect.
d. trend analysis.

Answer 68

b. the Halo effect.

Question 69

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except

a. it is a correlation coefficient.
b. it controls for sample differences which exist.
c. it helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables.
d. it statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates.

Answer 69

a. it is a correlation coefficient.

Question 70

Three years ago an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as “vegotherapy.” Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today—three years later—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as
a. correlation research.
b. a true experiment.
c. a cohort study.
d. causal-comparative research.

Answer 70

d. causal-comparative research.

Question 71

The WAIS-III IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?

a. 7people.
b. 99people.
c. 95people.
d. 68people.

Answer 71

d. 68people.

Question 72

Standardized tests always have

a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.
b. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15.
c. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3.
d. a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above.

Answer 72

a. formal procedures for test administration and scoring.

Question 73

There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,

a. the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client.
b. the same people are studied over a period of time.
c. the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable
being investigated.
d. all of the above.

Answer 73

b. the same people are studied over a period of time.

Question 74

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as

a. the Pygmalion effect.
b. counter balancing.
c. ahistoric therapy.
d. multiple treatment interference.

Answer 74

b. counter balancing.

Question 75

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize

a. SPSS.
b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.
c. O*NET.
d. a random number table or random number generation
computer program.

Answer 75

b. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources.

Question 76

In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?

a. Standard (i.e., simple) random sampling is adequate.
b. Cluster sampling is called for.
c. Stratified sampling would be best.
d. Horizontal sampling is required.

Answer 76

c. Stratified sampling would be best.

Question 77

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that

a. she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment.
b. her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research.
c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.
d. her research will be correlational.

Answer 77

c. she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.

Question 78

An operational definition

a. outlines a procedure.
b. is theoretical.
c. outlines a construct.
d. is synonymous with the word axiom.

Answer 78

a. outlines a procedure.

Question 79

A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client’s phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of

a. deductive logic or reasoning.
b. inductive logic or reasoning.
c. attrition or so-called experimental mortality.
d. construct validity.

Answer 79

b. inductive logic or reasoning.

Question 80

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, “What for, I already know the 12 steps?” This client is using

a. deductive logic.
b. inductive logic.
c. an empathic assertion.
d. an I statement.

Answer 80

a. deductive logic.

Question 81

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so- called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, some- what agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is

a. a projective measure.
b. unacceptable for use in standardized testing.
c. a speed test.
d. a Likert scale.

Answer 81

d. a Likert scale.