Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Counselors adhering to the personality theory espoused by C.G. Jung often have to help people with problems related to what Jung called “individuation” Jung defined this term as the process
A. which occurs when adolescents leave home to establish their own residences.
B. occurring throughout life in which a person is becoming an individual.
C. through which parents come to have unique patterns of interaction with each of their children.
D. which is an outgrowth of the psychoanalytic principle of determinism.
B. occurring throughout life in which a person is becoming an individual.
A counselor completing a report for an insurance company was required to indicate whether a client had a phobia or an anxiety reaction. The counselor was able to indicate the correct classification because the counselor knew that the primary distinction between the two conditions is the
A. age of onset of severe psychological distress.
B. ease with which the symptoms are eliminated.
C. frequency of symptom occurrence.
D. specificity of the fear-causing source.
D. specificity of the fear-causing source.
Erickson presented an eight-stage theory of human development, the last stage of which he entitled “integrity vs. despair” A person’s challenge in this stage is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erickson postulated that such acceptance could be achieved only if the person had
A. reached a parallel level of moral development.
B. established an economic environment such that the person need not be concerned about having good living conditions.
C. successfully met the challenges of the previous stage.
D. developed the ability to distinguish among the various roles the individual had filled in life.
C. successfully met the challenges of the previous stage.
Humanists in the existential tradition assert that personal decisions are (personally) effective only if they are made
consistent with personal beliefs, principles, and regardless of whether they are in agreement with those of most people or the known consequences of the decisions. This assertion also is an appropriate description of which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
A. naively egotistic orientation.
B. respect for authority and social disorder.
C. contractual-legalistic orientation.
D. conscience orientation.
D. conscience orientation.
A counselor was hired to develop educational activities that would promote development of gender-fair (ie. non sex-role stereotypic) attitudes among older elementary school age children. The counselor decided to develop the activities within the context of social learning theory. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for use be the counselor?
A. having the children view movies that depict males in so-called traditionally feminine occupations (eg. nursing) or activities (eg. ironing) and vice versa.
B. providing some reward (eg. small candy) to children who make gender-fair statements during a discussion of what people do when they grow up.
C. instructing the children how to ask their parents what their parents= beliefs are about appropriate roles for women and men.
D. having the children share what they believe are each of their parent’s feelings about activities they do (eg. active and passive play behaviors).
A. having the children view movies that depict males in so-called traditionally feminine occupations (eg. nursing) or activities (eg. ironing) and vice versa.
In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg’s theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg’s theory includes three progressive levels culminating in
A. self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic.
B. principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepting set of standards of behavior.
C. androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors.
D. personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas.
B. principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepting set of standards of behavior.
A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
A. variable interval
B. fixed interval.
C. variable ratio.
D. fixed ratio.
C. variable ratio.
Competitiveness between children in the same family is known as
A. sibling rivalry.
B. the Oedipus conflict.
C. the Electra conflict.
D. the Foundling conflict.
A. sibling rivalry.
The best descriptor of the emotion that results when a feeling or fear is not understood by the person experiencing it is
A. anxiety.
B. affect.
C. anger.
D. arousal.
A. anxiety.
Many counselors in their work use stage theories of human development with older persons because they facilitate understanding older persons general life situations. In this context, Erickson described the development stage that occurs late in life as
A. intimacy vs. autonomy.
B. integrity vs. despair.
C. trust vs. isolation.
D. intimacy vs. distrust.
B. integrity vs. despair.
In some settings, counselors must use diagnostic classification systems as part of the overall program management plan of the service facility. The term “paranoia” is used in such systems to include a group of psychotic disorders characterized mainly by a(n)
A. slowing of emotional responses to a state of absolute calm.
B. onset of increasingly complex delusions.
C. frenzy of intense social interactions.
D. irrational response to a specific stimulus.
B. onset of increasingly complex delusions.
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are
a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.
d. psychosocial.
In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H.Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget.
a. Erik Erikson.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H.Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget.
a. Erik Erikson.
The statement, “the ego is dependent on the id,” would most likely reflect the work of
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. JayHaley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.
b. Sigmund Freud.
Jean Piaget’s theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
a. symbolic schema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.
b. conservation.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specific psychosexual stage of life.
a. volume or mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.
c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
a. ErikErikson
b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstract thought.
a. egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
c. three levels of morality.
The Heinz story is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients.
b. Erikson.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
b. Erikson.
