Social and Cultural Diversity Flashcards
True or false? Research has shown that people from minorities have been misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and found counseling less helpful than those from the majority culture.
True.
culture refers to what?
customs shared by a group which distinguish it from another group. values shared by a group, attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group, often passed from generation to generation
what is culture conflict?
when a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties
multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different meaning what?
the client is of a differnt culture than the helper
what does race refer to?
identification of individuals viz distinct physical or bodily (somatic) characteristics such as skin color or facial features
Which theorists would say that regardless of culture, humans have the instinct to fight?
Freud and Lorenz
What theorists beleive that aggression is learned.
social learning theorists
who was the founder of social learning theory?
Bandura
The civil rights act of 1964 did what?
prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin
The ACA contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by doing what?
the formation of the association for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance in 1972 which later became the association for multicultural counseling and development
Daniel levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions.
True
Daniel levinson postulated midlife crisis for men between 40-45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier
true
The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:
close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
The term contextualism implies that:
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
What is the tarascoff duty?
this case resulted in a conselor’s duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence
When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is referring to what?
the prognosis
What is a prognosis?
this refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition.
When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, they are technically referring to what?
recommendations
The famous 1971 Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated what?
People conform to social roles
True or false:
Most clients prefer a counselor of the same race or of a similar background
Who is associated with the frustration-aggression theory?
John Dollard and Neal Miller
A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is what?
Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory
What is the concept of balance theory?
the belief that people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems. Individuals reduce inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs.
Culture is said to be normative. This implies what?
culture provides individuals with standards of conduct
A statistical norm measures what?
actual conduct
what is a cultural norm?
how people are supposed to act.
What are mores?
mores are beliefs and social customs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior
What are folkways?
these describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior
What is the difference between mores and folkways?
Breaking folkways causes embarrassment, but breaking mores causes harm to others or threatens the existence of the group.
Who was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
Frank Parsons, the father of guidance
Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by what?
Universal culture
In 1920s, emory bogardus developed a social distance scale that measures what?
how an individual felt toward other ethnic groupd
What is ethnicity?
that which pertains to a large group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes.
Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by what?
national culture
What is a “third culture kid?”
a kid primarily raised in a culture that is different than their parents’ culture during their formative years.
how does a “society” differs from a “culture”
a society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
What is ethnocentrism?
ethnocentrism promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty. it promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.
What is acculturation?
ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture.
What is assimilation
when an individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture.
What is a modal personality?
The personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question
Regardless of culture, the popular individual has what?
good social skills
What does social exchange theory postulate?
A relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the cost.
What is cognitive dissonance?
inconsistent thoughts
Do IQ scores drop as people age?
No, IQ scores stay relatively the same
What does the theory of “terminal decline” state?
a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning occurs only in the final five years of life and usually centers around verbal skills
True or false: In terms of diagnosis, a client’s behavior can be sane and acceptable in one culture and bizarre in another
True
True or False: It would not be the norm in other cultures for an individual to see a total stranger and receive pay for providing help.
Trur
What do people do in order to create a state of consonance?
They have a tendency to justify their behavior
What is the bystander effect?
As the number of bystanders increase, the chances of receiving help decreases because everyone thinks that someone else will handle it.
What is an ego defense mechanism?
an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial and minimize tension
What client would be most likely to have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor?
African American Male
What is structuring in counseling?
when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session
How would a client from another culture speak to a counselor of a different culture?
differently from what they would speak to someone from their culture
What is a connotative error?
connotation applies to the emotional content of the word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition
What does emic mean?
an insider’s perception of the culture. an approach specific to a clients future is most effective
What does the etic view adhere to?
that humans are humans regardless of background and thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client.
What is the autoplastic view?
autoplastic refers to the idea that change comes from the self such as thoughts and behaviors
what is the alloplastic view?
the idea that the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.
What is a conversion disorder?
when a person displays symptoms whech cannot be accounted for via medical exams
What is la belle indifference?
when the person is not bothered by their condition
what is malingering?
when a person fakes a physical or emotional illness to avoid work, military duty or prison
what is personalism?
all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. the counselor will make the most progress if they view the client as having learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient
A good multicultural therapist is __________.
flexible regardless of theoretical orientation
what is cultural pluralism?
when someone maintains their traditions and differences, yet cooperates in regard to social, political, and economic matters
what is the concept of social facilitation?
the presence of other persons improves the individuals performance even when there is no verbal interaction
What is the sleeper effect?
there may be a delay in accepting the message. People may forget the communicator after a time, but remember the message.
what is Milgram associated with?
obedience and authority. The Milgram experiment with electric shocks
what is the milgram experiment?
when people would administer electric shocks when instructions to do so were given by someone perceived to have authority
Who is in charge of group therapy?
Moreno
What existentialist was helpful in group work, existential therapy, and death and dying?
Yalom
The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in what birth order?
first borns and only children
what is the approach-approach conflict?
where someone is presented two equally attractive options. They may be able to do both, first one and then the other.
what is the avoidance-avoidance conflict
when a person has two negative alternatives
what is the approach-avoidance conflict?
when a positive factor is paired with a negative factor: IE a handsome man who is violent
what is the robber’s cave experiement?
boy’s camp where two hostile groups learned to cooperate with each other to achieve a goal
In terms of affiliation, miserable people like what types of peopel
other miserable people
Asch and Sherif found that people do what?
Give in to peer-pressure, and assimilate or change their opinions to match that of the majority
Who is more likely to introspect?
Those in a higher spcial classes with minimal issues because they have more time to look inward at themselves
