Final Overview Flashcards
What is the focus of transactional Analysis?
relationships and communications
what is the objective of transactional analysis?
autonomy which means feeling connected to self and the world
What is the difference between autonomy and independence?
autonomy is consciously being dependent on others
Who was Piaget?
Founded the cognitive development theory
who was binet?
the first to assess children’s “mental level” or “mental age.”
What did Binet believe contributed to understanding whether children were “sub-normal?”
Attention
Memory
Comprehension
Imagination
Suggestability
Whose work did Binet reflect?
Piaget
What are the stages of piaget’s cognitive development theory?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Accordign to Binet, what percentage did a child have to get similar to others their age?
75%
What was the immediate issue Binet was dealing with when developing his test?
the education of mentally retarded children
When Binet was looking for a scale or ability, which function would binet consider the most important?
Judgment and reasoning
What was the difference between binet’s 1905 and 1908 paper?
he had items grouped by age
who is responsible for the Intelligence quotient?
Terman published the individual intelligence test, the Stanford binet test
Who is responsible for the Heinz dilemma?
Kohlberg
What are the stages and levels of moral development?
LEvel 1: Preconventional
stage 1: avoiding punishment
stage 2: self-interest
Level 2: conventional
state 3: good boy/good girl
stage 4: law and order
Level 3: post-conventional
stage 5: social contract
stage 6: principle
which stages of piaget’s cognitive development theory discusses a child sucking, touching, hearing, and manipulating?
sensorimotor (age 0-2)
what stage of piaget’s cog. devel. do children start to veer from egocentrism?
stage 3: concrete operational
What is kohlberg’s pre-conventional stage of moral development?
children see themselves separate from society, they act in an acceptable manner as a responsibility to individual authority figures.
what is the conventional level of kohlberg’s moral development theory?
children see themselves as members of society and therefore obligated to act according to society’s conventions
what is the posst conventional level of kohlberg’s theory?
ethical behavior becomes self-motivated. People act according to a higher, universal sense of morality
What did ellis contribute?
REBT
What is the ABCDE model of behavioral therapy?
activating situation
beliefs
consequences
dispution of beliefs
effective new approach to dealing with situation
what does REBT focus on?
external verbalizations
absolutist thinking
irrational beliefs
what are key concepts of CBT?
identifying and challenging beliefs. CBT focuses on thoughts, emotions and behaviors and their interconnectedness
what does psychoanalytic theory focus on?
the unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, and defense mechanisms.
what is the focus of humanistic theory?
stresses self-actualization, empathy, unconditional postiive regard, emphasizes the cl capacity to grow
what is the focus of gestalt therapy?
the present moment, awareness and personal responsibility. Encourages integration of fragmented aspects of the self
what is the focus of existenital therapy?
freedom, meaning, and mortaility. encourages cl to confront life’s ultimate questions and take responsibility for their choices
What is the focus on family-systems theory?
views individuals in the context of their family and social networks. Examines patterns of interaction and communication
What is extinction technique in group therapy?
the behavioral technique of ignoring a behavior until the individual or group stops engaging it
why is extinction unhelpful in a resistance situation?
because it gives the person what they want
what is a helpful technique for dealing with resistance in a group?
confrontation
modeling
and discussion of resistive behaviors
what are some reasons a counselor would use testing?
predicting future performance, helping cl make decisions, helping cl discover interests, and providing insight
when can a release of information be completed?
only after cl signs the release can information be given to another professional or agency
If an aggressive, hostile cl managed to remove a towel rod and brandished it as a weapon, the the first responsibility is to do what?
protect self and others, do not try to disarm
If a cl is using “glass,” what are they referring to?
meth
If a cl is using blow, what are they referring to?
cocaine
if a cl is using charley, what are they referring to?
heroin
According to Minuchin’s structural family therapy, there are _____________- between family subsystems
boundaries
according to minuchin, if boundaries are too rigid, what happens?
this leads to disengagement or the subsystems
according to minuchin, if boundaries are too diffuse, what happens?
this leads to enmeshment
What are the transactional patterns in structural family therapy?
patterns are eveolved from the rules of the family. Ex: a mother’s transactional pattern may be protective and overbearing
What are the 3 dysfunctional transactions in Structural family therapy?
enmeshment
disengagement
triangulation
what is triangulation?
where one family memeber gets torn between two others, as in the case of parents pitting the child in the middle of them fighting
what is a coalition in SFT?
a type of alignment between 2 family members against another
what is parentification?>
when children are given the expectations and roles that are only appropriate for an adult to do.
Is professional liability insurance required in all states?
no
what is a principal researcher responsible for?
any and all ethical breaches in the research study, all individuals involved are responsible but the PR is responsible for everything connected to the study
According to Bandura, what has to take place for social learning to happen?
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
What is attention in Bandura’s social learning theory?
the individual needs to pay attention to the behavior and its consequences to form a mental representation of the behavior.
what is retention in Bandura’s social learning theory?
remembering the behavior
what is reproduction in bandura’s social learnign theory?>
the abiluty to perform the behavior modeled for us.
what is motivation in bandura’s social learning theory?
considering the rewards or punishment of doing the behavior
what are ciriticisms of adlerian therapy?
lack of firm research
vagueness of many terms
lack of “how-to”
narrowness of approach
what did Galton study?
heredity as pertaining to intellectual superiority
in exposure and response prevention therapy, what would you do after establishing the goal?
create a fear ladder
how dows exposure and response prevention therapy help with uncertainty?
mindfully responding instead of reacting to the stimulus
what does rational emotive behavior therapy believe?
(ellis) believes that people are not influenced by the events but by their interpretation of them
which thepry uses ABCDE?
REBT
What does existentialtherapy (May, frankl, yolom) think about experiences?
they focus on the phenomenology or the study of our direct experiences taken at face value rather than interpretations
which therpay is focused on choice?
Glasser’s reality/choice therapy states that people determine their own fate.
what does Glasser say people need in His choice/reality theory?
Survival, love, belonging, power or achievement, freedom or independence and fun
what does lazarus include in his multimodal therapy?
Behaviors
Affective responses
Sensations
Images
Cognitions
Interpersonal relationships
Drugs
What is the purpose of free association in psychoanalysis?
Free association bring the unconscious material to the conscious mind
what characteristics do intellectual disabilities have?
deficits in adaptive functioning
reasoning issues
trouble problem solving
abstract thinking issues
what is reactive attachment disorder characterized by?
emotional withdrawal from caretakers
what characterizes communication disorder?
trouble writing, reading, language difficulties
What does Pica eating disorder involve?
eating things that are not food (clay, insects, paint)
what is rumination eating disorder?
regurgitating food for a least one month
what is binge eating disorder?
consumption of large quantities of food until uncomfortably full, no less than once a week for 3 months
when was council for accreditation of counseling and related educational programs (CACREP) established?
1981
what year and state was the first general practice counselor licensure law passed?
1976 in virginia
in what year and state was the first law for licensure of MFT counselors passed?
1962 in California
Luft and Ingham created _____________- that asserts there are four parts to the personality
Johari WindowW
What are the four parts of the personality according to the Johari window?
Public self
Blind Self
Private Self
Unknown Self
What theory uses family constellations?
adlerian
accordign to freud, defense mechanisms occur when?
when the ego can’t resolve unconscious conflicts between the id and the superego
according to freud , anxiety and unacceptable urges are kept where?
in the unconscious
who developed the mental health consultation model?
Caplan
Who developed the behavioral consultation model?
Bergan
When behavior changes as a result of just being a part of the experiment, that is called?
Hawthorne effect
What is the “Halo effect?”
the tendency to generalize about a person based on one trait
what is the rosenthal effect?
the researcher’s beliefs impact the outcome of an experiment
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
managing impulses and regulating emotions
what is the last part of the brain to develop?
the prefrontal cortex
by what age is the prefrontal cortex developed fully?
22 for females and 25 for males
what si the cerebral cortex responsible for?
higher-level processing like language, reasoning, thought, etc
which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary movement?
cerebellumw
what is the hypothalamus responsible for?
mnaging body temp, hunger, thurst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure, and sleep/
what are the components of individual psychology?
inferiority v superiority
need to understand lifestyle
meaning to experiences
life histories
paradoxical intentions
who developed individual psychology?
Adler and Dreikurs
what are components of client-centered therapy?
process of becoming
client-therapist relationship
unconditional postiive regard
congruence
empathetic understanding
who developed client centered therapy?
Rogers
Who developed Transactional Analysis?
Berne
What does behavioral therapy focus on?
eliminating or changing undesirable behavior
What therapy emphasizes client’s thoughts?
cognitive therapy
What are some differences in collectivist goals?
geared toward intimacy, connection and oneness with others
Adler’s theory emphasizes social interest which is what?
social interest is a feeling of cooperation with people, the sense of belonging to and participating in the common good
what drug screening tool is best to use for children and adolescents under 21?
CRAFFT
Car, relax, alone, forget, friends, trouble
what is a confounded study?
a study that is confused, therefore variables cannot be distinguished to the result cannot clearly be attributed to the independent or dependent variable
Schizophrenia involves __________ and ______________- symptoms
active and passive
What do active schizophrenia symptoms involve?
an exaggeration of thought
what do passive symptoms of schizophrenia include?
absence of normal traits and abilities (daily activities)
what si a displaced homemaker?
a mother who left a career to raise children while supported by another relative
what si agoraphobia?
the fear of having anxiety attacks or losing control in specific situations, may result in person staying home and being “housebound”
What didactic treatment mode can be used to provide information about an individual’s diagnosis, medication, prognosis and treatment adherence?
psychoeducation
what is the goal of crisis intervention?
assess for safety and explore treatment options to match the clients required level of care.
Krumboltz learning theory of career counseling is based on what?
bandura’s social learning theory
Tiedeman’s individualistic model of career decision making is based on whose work?
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
According to the contingency model of leadership, leadership is determined by what?
Personality and situation
Who established the contingency model of leadership?
Fiedler
Which early theorist engaged in group therapy?
Adler
what is the most effective way to assess if a group therapy is progressing?
have an outsider observe
what are the symptoms of PTSD?
dissociation, derealization, and depersonalization
what are the stages of group therapy?
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
How did freud and Erikson view personality development?
freud believed development ended in late adolescence or early adulthood, erikson saw development lasted all of life
What is the benefit of HMOs and PPOs
To allow clients to be referred to counselors
what are freudian defense mechanisms?
reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, denial, suppression, repression
what therapy focuses on challenging clients?
Gestalt Therapy
What are erikson’s stages of development?
Trust v Mistrust (0-1.5)
Autonomy vs shame/doubt (1.5-3)
Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
Industry vs Inferiority (6-12)
Identity vs Identity confusion (12-18)
Intimacy vs Isolation (19-40)
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
Integrity vs Despair (65+)
What are Freud’s stages of development?
Oral (0-18mo)
Anal (18 mo - 3 years)
Phallic (3-7)
Latent (7-12)
Genital (12+)
What are the 9 roles in Super’s life roles?
child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, pesioner
What are Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical stages of change?
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
What are the 4 theaters of life in Super’s theory?
home, school, work, community
who is associated with mental health consultation?
Caplan
What are Super’s five vocational development tasks?
Crystallization (14-18)
Specification (18-21)
Implementation (21-24)
Stabilization (24-35)
Consolidation (35+)
Who coined the term identity crises?
Erikson
What is the focus of acceptance and commitment therapy?
to increase awareness and evoke change by active participation in values-based behaviors
What is delusion of reference?
when the cl believes everything in the environment references them, such as believing messages are being sent to them through newspapers, magazines and radio/tv
what is delusion of persecution?
when the cl believes others intend to harm them
what is delusion of control
cl believes other people or objects control their actions
what is delusion of grandeur?
the cl believes they are important such as god
what are 3 intelligence tests?
WISC-V
WAIS-IV
WPPSI-IV
What is the WISC-V
Weschler Intelligence Scale for children 5th ed. (Ages 6-16)
What is the WAIS-IV?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th ed for adults
What is the WPPI-IV?
WEschsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence 4th ed. for children 2y7m to 7y7m
A cultural norm refers to?
how people are supposed to act
What is harm reduction therapy?
When a person limits substances of addiction to try to gain control of the habit
Can a therapist ethically perform a forensic evaluation of a previous cl?
No
Who developed Psychoanalytic family therapy?
Ackerman
Who developed Structural Family Therapy?
Minuchin
Who developed family systems theory?
Bowen
Who developed conjoint family therapy and was involved in communication patterns and meta-communication
Satir
What is the primary purpose of the supercisor-supervisee counseling relationship?
to protect the welfare of the supervisee’s clients
what did Roe believe influenced occupational selection?
the needs developed by a child whose structure were influenced by genetics, environmental experiences, interactions in child-parent relationships
How did ellis view “self-talk” in his theory of REBT?
Self-talk is the source of our emotional disturbances. it is not problem-solving, but the problem itself
What is it called when a woman reenters her career after her children started attending school full-time?
a reentry woman
What beliefs and practices reflect person-centered theory of rogers?
Counseling is based on the cl phenomenological world and feelings
Focus of Perls’ Gestalt therapy?
Holistic, focused in present, based on existential concepts
Focus of individual psychology of Adler?
helping clients to gain insights into themselvs
Bandura’s social cognitive theory emphasizes what?
personal agency - ability to achieve
self-efficacy - belief that they can succeed
vicarious learning
what is a “v” code in the DSM?
These are used when what is being treated is not classified as a mental disorder but is the focus of the treatment. (ex: uncomplicated bereavement)
What type of therapist is most likely to use free association and transference?
Psychodynamic therapist
Self-disclosure is most effective when tied to which of the following?
immediacy
What type of drug is “tricyclic?”
Antidepressant
Who said career choices are expressions of one’s personality?
Holland
Who said career decisions are influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and previous learning experiences?
Krumboltz
What are Glasser’s five fundamental needs of choice therapy?
Survival
Love and Belonging
Power and Recognition
freedom
fun
What is the premack principle?
Reinforcement technique that states high probability behaviors will reinforce low probability behaviors
what is sublimination?
defense mech. where cl redirects socially unacceptable impulses to acceptable actions. Anger -> activist
What is regression?
defense mech where cl retreats to earlier stage of development such as becoming more dependent
what is suppression?
defense mech where cl voluntarily blocks unpleasant emotions refusing to think about such things
what is repression?
defense mech where cl involuntarily blocks unpleasand emotions, such as not remembering being reaped
acculturation takes place when
two culture mix
what is the type of approach where counselors incorporate several therapeutic theories in their work?
integrative
According to Jung, ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious manifest what?
archetypes
how long is the maintenance stage of addiction recovery?
5 years
what is it called when a counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on job-by-job basis?
Variable Ration
Humanistic life outlook is fascilitated by what?
formal educational experiences, observational learning experience, diverse interpersonal interactions
who said “people are not disturbed by things, but by the view which they take of them.”
Ellis
Counseling technique where counselor intensifies cl emotional state in order to help the cl understand the irrationality of the reaction
paradoxical intention
type of therapy more focused on product than process
behavioral
career counseling group to understand fields and levels follows whose theory?
Roes
What is Vygotshy’s zone of proximal development
it refers to the difference in the child’s ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others
What are Levinson’s four major transitions?
childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood
types of parenting styles:
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and passive
Authoritarian parenting
high expectations but also high warmth
authoritarian parenting
high expectations and low warmth
permissive parenting
low expectations and high warmth
passive parenting
low expectations and low warmth
who studied birth order?
Adler
Who is associated with Person-centered humanistic therapy?
Rogers
Who is associated with REBT?
Ellis
Who is associated with Cognitive Therapy
Beck
Who is associated with Gestalt Therapy?
Perls
Who is associated with transactional analysis?
Berne
According to TA why are games played?
to avoid intimacy, someone is always hurt in the game
Who is associated with New Reality Therapy?
Glasser
who is associated with the psychodynamic family approach?
Ackerman
Who is an experimental conjoint family therapist?
Satir
Who is an experimentalist who used a co-therapist?
Whitaker
In times of stress, family members use four inept patterns of communication. What are they?
The placator, the blamer, the reasonable analyzer, and the irrelevant distractor
Who is associated with family systems therapy?
Bowen
Who is associated with strategic family therapy?
Haley and Madanes
What characterizes the left hemisphere of the brain?
logical, verbal, and analytical
What characteristics does the right hemisphere of the brain have?
emotional, creative, and artistic
Psychiatric Medication for Anxiety
Benzodiazepines
Psychiatric Medication for Depression
Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Selective and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Tricyclics (TCAs)
Psychiatric meds for ADHD
Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall and Vyvanse
Psychiatric meds for bipolar:
risperdal, zyprexa, lithobid, lithium
Psychiatic meds for OCD:
prozac, paxil, zoloft
Psychiatric meds for Panic disorder:
ativan and paxil
Antipsychotic psychiatric meds
abilify, risperdal, zyprexa
What is the ideal size for a group?
6-8 people
Group leader styles
autocratic/authoritarian
laissez faire or hands-off
democratic
speculative leader
confronting leadership
Types of groups
Psychoeducational
counseling
group therapy
training groups
structured
self-help groups
what do counseling groups do?
focus on conscious issues related to personal growth and development
what do group therapy do?
by Moreno, can focus on unconscious material, the past, and personality change
what do training groups do?
intended for business or personal motivation
what do structured groups do?
center around certain issues, such as shyness or how to prepare for a job interview
What do self-help groups do?
not led by a professional, follow the AA model or 12-step group
Tiedmand and O’hara rely on what career approach?
developmental
Who is responsible for the personality typology theory of career counseling?
Holland
What is RIASEC?
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Krumboltz theorized that career decisions were based on what?
Social learning theory
Gottfredson emphasized what in career choice?
circumscription and compromise
What is the hidden job market?
80% of jobs are not advertised and job seekers need to network
What is the sex-wage gap
Whit women make $0.80 per dollar
black women make $0.68 per dollar
hispanic women make $0.60 per dollar
How many jobs does the average worker have by age 36?
nine
