Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosocial while Erikson’s are what?
Psychosocial
What does psychometric refer to?
Mental testing or measurement
What does psychodiagnostic refer to?
the study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.
What does psychopharmacological study?
the effects of medications or drugs on psychological functions.
What do psychodynamic theories focus on?
unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors.
True or false? The ID only cares about the body. It is not rational or logical.
True
True or false: The Ego is logical, rational and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check?
True
What do ego psychologists like Erikson believe?
They believe in the power of reasoning and control. They accent the Ego with control and reasoning.
What does super ego refer to?
the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality.
True or false: Radical Behaviors
False
What theory did freud create?
Psychodynamic
What psychoanalyst created the developmental theory encompassing the entire life span?
Erik Erikson
What are the stages of Freud’s psychodynamic theory?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
What is Milton H. Erickson known for?
he is associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis.
What did Jean Piaget study?
The cognitive development of children
The statement “the ego is dependent o the id” would most likely reflect the work of who?
Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory
What is Jay Haley known for?
his work in strategic and problem-solving therapy. He uses the technique of paradox.
What is Arnold Lazarus known for?
he is the pioneer of behavioral therapy, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique that helps clients cope with phobias.
What is systemic desensitization?
a technique used to help clients cope with phobias.
what is Robert Perry known for?
his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially regarding college students.
What is dualistic thinking?
this is common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad, also known as black-and-white thinking.
What is relativistic thinking?
when the individual has the ability to perceive that not all is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation.
What did Robert Keegan study?
Adult cognitive behavior.
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his through with four stages:
Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
What does Robert Keegan’s model stress?
interpersonal development, meaning that individuals construct their reality through the life span.
Idiograpghic theories study what?
individuals instead of groups of people.
Nomothetic approaches study what?
groups of people
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a smaller wider glass. A child indicates that there is less water. This child has not mastered:
conservation
Conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
True
According to Piaget, when does a child master the conservation and reversibility concepts?
In the concrete operational stage (age 7-11)
In Paget’s theory, what is symbolic schema?
a cognitive structure that grows with life experience
In piagetian literature, conservation would refer to what?
Weight, volume and mass
What age is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s theory?
birth to 2 yo
What age is the pre operational stage of Piaget’s theory?
2-7yo
What age is the concrete operational stage of Piaget’s throry
7-11
What age is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory
12 and up
Who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development?
Lawrence Kholberg
Kholbergs, Erikson’s and Maslow’s theories are sad to be what?
epigenetic
What does it mean to be epigenetic?
the principle states that each stage emerges from the one before it
John B. Watson is the father of what theory?
Behaviorism
What is reversibility?
one can undo an action, an object can return to its original shape.
What is egocentrism?
the inability to see the world from another vantage point of someone else.
When does Abstract come into play according to Piaget’s Theory
Formal operational stage (12+)
What are the Levels of Kholberg’s model of morality?
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
C.G. Jung is the father of what theory?
analytic psychology
The term identity crises applies to the work of:
Erikson
What is Positive Psychology?
refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness.
Who is the pioneer of learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman
Who founded Individual Psychology?
Alfred Adler
The child responds to consequences in what stage of Kholberg’s Model?
Preconventional
In what moral stage does the person care about the standards of family, society, and even the nation?
Conventional
In what moral stage does a person care about the universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights?
postconventional
What are the stages of Erikson’s developmental model?
Trust v Mistrust (0-18mo)
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt (18mo- 3yo)
Initiative v Guilt (3-5yo)
Industry vs Inferiority (5-13 yo)
Identify vs Confusion (13-21yo)
Intimacy vs Isolation (21-39yo)
Generativity v Stagnation (40-65yo)
Integrity v Despair (65+)
What are the ages and stages of Freud’s theory
Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latentcy (6-12)
Gential (12+)
What is counterconditioning?
a behaviorist technique where the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or more desirable response.
What are the levels and stages of Kholberg’s Morality Model?
Preconventional Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
Preconventional Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Conventional Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships
Conventional Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
Postconventional Stage 5: Social contract and Individual rights.
Postconventional Stage 6: Universal Principles
Who pioneered the zone or proximal development?
Lev Vygotsky
What is the zone of proximal development?
the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.
What is the concept of maturation theory?
behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
Freud and Erikson are both Maturationists
True
Who created DBT?
Marsha Linehan
John Bowlby is most closely associated with what?
Attachment and bonding
John Bowlby stated that what must happen for a child to live a normal social life?
A child must bond with an adult by age 3
If a bond is broken before age 3, what is it known as?
Object loss
In what Eriksonian stage is a midlife crisis likely to occur?
Generativity v Stagnation
Who is the researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
Harry Harlow
Freud stated the mind is made up of what three things?
Id Ego and Superego
In adolescence, males and females attempt suicide that same amount?
False, males commit suicide more often, but females attempt more often.
In freudian theory, attachment is a major factor and establishes in what stage?
during the oral phase.
Who is B.F> Skinner?
prime mover of the behavioristyis psychology movement.
Behaviorists emphasize the power of enviornment rather than heredity.
True.
Stage theorists assume
qualitiative changes between stages occur
When does development take place?
From the moment of conception until death.
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
head to foot
In what Pigetian stage can the individual now have abstract thinking and use deduction
Final stage, formal operational
When does Freud’s oedipus complex take place?
phallic stage (3-6)
What is the femal equivalent to the Oedipus complex?
The electra Complex
By what age does a child begin to show stranger anxiety?
8 mo.
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as what?
Empiricists
Empiricism is the forerunner to what typ of psychology?
behaviorist
Opposite of Empiricism, what viewpoint is focused on qualitative factors?
Organismic
An empiricist view of development would be what?
behavioristic
In Harlow’s study of monkeys, which did the monkeys choose: the wire mother or the terry-cloth mother?
The terry-cloth mother even though the wire mother was set up to dispense milk
In Pieaget’s theory, reflexes play the biggest role in what stage?
sensorimotor
What is object permanence?
understanding that when something is out of sight, it still exists.
What is representational thought?
learning the concept of time, and causality that leads to object permanence
Whe schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in what stage of Piaget’s theory?
Sensorimotor: Birth-2yo
Harlow experiments with monkeys found that those who were raised in isolation during the first months of their lives appeared to have what tendencies?
Autistic tendencies
According to freud, if a child is traumatized, they may be fixated at a given psychosexual stage
True
A therapist who uses the term instinctual means what?
that the behavior is manifesting itself in all normal members of a given species
What does the word ethology refer to?
The study of anima;s’ behavior in their natural habitat
Konrad Lorenz is most known for what?
His work on imprinting, an instinctual behaviro in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters.
What is centration?
focusing on a key feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.
At what Piagetian stage does centration occur?
Preoperational
Piaget felt that children of learn best from their experiences until the final stage
True
What is Robert Hanghurst known for?
proposing developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood.
The tendency for adult females to wear high heels is best explained by what?
sex-role socialization
Negative reinforcement is what?
The removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
What is positive reinforcement?
the addition of stimulus that strengthens or increases the behavior
What does Arnold Lazarus apply to his practice?
BASIC-ID
What is BASIC-ID?
Behavior
Affective Responses
Sensations
Imagery
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs
What is ego identity?
when an adolescent in identity v role confusion is able to integrate all of his or her previous roles into a single self-concept.
What happens when an individual cannot accomplish a task in Erikson’s model?
Role confusion, or an identity crisis
Generativity refers to what?
The ability to do creative work or raise a family. The opposite of stagnation. The productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time.
A person who can look back on his life with few regrets feels what?
ego-integrity in the Erikson integrity v despair stage.
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
Harlow
Why are play therapy and art therapy often preferable to traditional counseling?
cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention
Freud felt that morality developed from what?
the superego
who is the father of transactional analysis?
Eric Berne
Which theorist could most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
konrad Lorenz
The critical period of learning relates to whose theory?
Konrad Lorenz
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs postulates what?
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs such as self-actualizations.
Piaget is a behaviorist, a maturationist, or a structuralist?
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
Counselors who are maturationists allow their clients to do what?
to work thorugh early conflicts
What is a holding environment?
where the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.
Robert Kegan has six phases of the life span. What are they?
Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
What is equilibration?
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).
From a freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be what?
considered an oral character.
What stage of freuds theory is least associated with sex?
latency.
