Counseling and Helping Relationships Flashcards
Who is the father of individual psychology?
Adler
Who is the father of analytic psychology?
Jung
Who is the father of the transactional analysis?
Berne
What are the three ego states of transactional analysis?
Child, Adult and Parent
What does freud’s topographic notion mean?
There is a depth to the human mind, the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
TA’s child ego state is to what Freudian concept?
The id
TA’s adult ego state is to what Freudian concept?
Ego
TA’s parent ego state is to what Freudian concept?
Superego
According to Freud, the resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to what?
The development of the superego
What must happen to resolve the Oedipus Complex?
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
What is transference?
When a client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist.
What is countertransference?
When the therapist displaces emotion felt toward client.
What is the Ego respnsible for??
governing and controling the impulses of the id and superego. It is a mediator.
to Freud, what is Eros?
self-preservation, love and life
to Freud, what is Thanatos?
self-destructive act, greek word for death
What is the ID?
the pleasure principle
What is the ego?
The reality principle
What is the superego
ego ideal, or the pleasure-pain principle.
What is free association?
instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind even if it seems silly or embarrassing.
What is a directive approach?
when the client is asked to discuss certain material.
The superego strives for ________________ while the id strives for ________________ and the ego strives for ____________________.
perfection/ideal; pleasure; balance
What is the superego composed of?
values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society.
What is systematic desensitization?
a form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning.
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is known as what?
catharsis
What are the ego defense mechanisms?
Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement.
How did Freud view defense mechanisms?
As a way for a person to protect themselves from anxiety
What defense mechanism is most important to a psychoanalytically trained therapist?
repression
What do psychoanalysts do to help people with repression?
help the client recall a repressed memory and make is conscious so it can be dealt with. This is called insight
What is reaction formation?
when a person can’t accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.
What is denial?
Denial, or suppression, is similar to repression except that it is a conscious act.
What is sublimination?
When a person acts out an unconscious impluse in a socially acceptable way. (Aggressive person pursuing a career in boxing, wrestling or football.)
What is rationalization?
an intellectual excuse to minimize negative feelings
What is displacement?
when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target. (A man is angry from work and comes home and kicks the dog)
What is projection?
attributing unacceptable qualities of their own onto others.
What is reaction formation?
when a person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel.
What is compensation?
when a person tries to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation.
What is identification?
when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that they will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
What is introjection?
when a person unconsciously adopts the values and beliefs of others.
what is the purpose of interpretation?
to make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Organ inferiority relates to whose work>
Adler’s individual psychology
Who emphasized the drive for superiority?
Adler
Who would agree that sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction?
Adler
What did neo-freudians contend?
Neo-freudians contended that there is more importance in the social issues
Who is associated with the terms introversion and extroversion?
Jung
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with who?
Jung
What are the scales of the MBTI?
Introversion/Extroversion
Sensing/Intuition
Thinking/Feeling
Judging/Perceiving
What is Anima?
the feminine side
What is animus?
the masculine side
Jung’s archetypes include what?
The persona, animus, anima, self, and the shadow
what is accurate empathy?
When a counselor is able to experience the client’s pov in terms of feelings and cognitions
what is emapthy?
it is subjective understanding of the client in the here and now
What do behaviorists strive for?
symptom reduction
Who believes in symptom substitution?
analytically trained counselors
Whose theory is associated with lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
Adler
Who is responsible for BASIC-ID?
Lazarus and Wolpe
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
Who is responsible for classical conditioning?
Pavlov
Who is responsible for operant conditioning?
Skinner
True or False: All reinforcers tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
True
What is positive reinforcement?
The addition of stimuli for the purposes of increasing behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
the removal of stimuli for the purposes of increasing behavior
What is positive punishment?
when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases
What is negative punishment?
The removal of stimuli to decrease the behavior
Who is the father of reality therapy?
Glasser
In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell was the __________________
conditioned or learned stimulus
In Pavlov’s experiment, the meat was the __________________
unconditioned stimulus
What is the significance of Little Albert?
fears are “learned” and not the result of some unconscious conflict.
Who was responsible for the Little Albert experiment
Watson
behavior therapy is _________________
Pavlovian, classical
Behavior modification strategies are based on what?
Skinnerian operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning
What is the baseline in charting progress?
the baseline is the frequency of behavior untreated and is sometimes signified in the literature with an upper-case A
Who is responsible for the Little Albert experiment?
John B watson
What did the Little Albert experiment postulate?
That fear was not due to psychopathology but to learning
If a therapist practices depth psychology, they base their treatment on what?
Freud’s topographic hypothesis
what is nondirective therapy?
Person centered, allows client to explore with minimal direction
What is interpretation?
When a therapist uncovers a deeper meaning regarding the client’s situation
What is concreteness?
When a th asks for cl to expand on their experience, eliminating vague language
Genuineness, or congruence is what?
The ability for the therapist to be themself
What is an operant?
any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimilis is an operant.
What is the most effective reinforcement schedule?
Variable Ratio
What is the least effective reinforcement schedule?
Fixed Interval
What is a fixed reinforcement schedule?
In a fixed schedule, the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging. The schedule is predictable.
What is a Variable Reinforcement Schedule?
In a variable schedule, the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements changes randomly. The schedule is unpredictable.
What is Ratio Schedule
A ratio schedule reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses have been emitted.
What is Interval Schedule?
reinforcing behavior after a period of time has passed
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
an exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement. IE a weekly quiz, or getting your paycheck every 2 weeks (least effective)
What is a variable interval schedule?
A varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement. IE checking email or winning a video game
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
the reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. Getting one free meal after the purchase of ten
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses. Playing the lottery or the number of shots to score a goal. (most effective)
What is Wople’s SUDS?
Subjective units of disturbance scale
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
that a moderate amount of arousal or stress can increase performance
What is a back-up reinforcer?
An item that can be earned through tokens or other earned credits like money
What are the three orderly steps of systematic desesitization?
relaxation training, construction of anxiety heirarchy, desensitization in the imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
What is implosive therapy?
it is conducted using the imagination
Who is the father of cognitive behavioral therapy?
Ellis
Existential therapy is criticized for what?
being too vague regarding techniques and procedures
Who coined the I-Thou relationship?
Martin Buber
What does the I-Thou relationship assert?
That the therapeutic relationship is horizontal, there is equality in persons
Three important Existentialists:
Frankl, Yalom and May
Who is responsible for the cognitive triad of depressiojn?
Beck
What is the cognitive triad of depression
1) the individual feels worthless and has a negative view of himself/herself
2) they view the world as unfair
3) they feel the future is hopeless
WHo coined Implosive therapy?
Stampfl
Existentialists use three words: Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt. What are these?
Physical, relationship, identity
Existential therapists believe in client’s what?
free choice, decision, and will
who created logotherapy?
Frankl
Who created reality therapy?
Glasser
What is the ABC theory of personality in REBT
A: Activating event
B: Belief system
C: Emotional Consequence
According to Ellis, Shoulds and Oughts are what?
Musturbations, indicators that the client is in for emotional disturbance
What type of therapy uses socratic questioning?
Cognitive therapy/ CBT
Berne’s Parent ego state is to what Freudian concept?
Superego
Transactional Analysis Therapists view the Parent state as having two functions. What are they?
The nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
The Adult ego state corresponds to what Freudian concept?
Ego
Who founded Transactional Analysis?
Berne
Who founded Gestalt therapy?
Perls
What are the steps of the transtheoretical model of change?
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintanence
Perls suggested five lYERS OF NEUROSIS WHICH MUST BE PEELED BACK TO REACH EMOTIONAL stability. What are they?
Phony layer, phobic layer, impasse layer, implosive layer and explosive layer
in gestalt therapy, unexpressed emotions are known as what?
unfinished business
the gestalt dialogue experiment generally uses concepts of:
top dog, underdog and empty chair technique
what therapy is associated with rogers?
person-centered
what therapy is associated with Berne?
transactional analysis
What therapy is associated with Freud?
Psychoanalytic
What therapy is associated with Ellis?
REBT
What therapy is associated with PErls?
Gestalt
What therapy is associated with Glasser?
Reality Therapy
What therapy is associated qith Adler?
Individual psychology
What therapy is associated with Jung?
analytic psychology
What therapy is associated with Skinner?
behavioral
What therapy is associated with Bandura?
neobehavioristic
What therapy is associated with Frankl?
logotherapy
What therapy is associated with Williamson?
Trait-Factor
What is basic empathy?
a counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s.
What is subtractive empathy?
the counselot’s behavior does not completely convey understanding of what has been communicated
What is additive empathy
the counselor’s behavior adds to the client’s understanding and awareness
