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PS1110 > social and cultural approaches > Flashcards

social and cultural approaches Flashcards

1
Q

how does culture affect what is considered to be abnormal?

how does culture affect what is considered to be abnormal?

A

culture plays a role in determining what is and what is not abnormal

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2
Q

how does culture affect what is considered to be abnormal?

what are decisions about abnormal behaviour always involve?

A

decisions about abnormal behaviour always involve social judgements and are based on the values and expectations of one’s culture or subculture

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3
Q

DSM definition of delusion

A

Firmly holding an incorrect inference about external reality, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary and almost unanimous disagreement.

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4
Q

belief as group markers

what is female orgasmic disorder?

A

recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following normal sexual excitement phase

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5
Q

homosexuality and the DSM

A

There are many instances in which groups representing particular social values have brought pressure to bear on decisions shaping the DSM

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6
Q

what does the DSM I and II state about homosexuality?

A

homosexuality is a form of mental disorder

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7
Q

what did gay/lesbian rights leaders challenge about homosexuality in the 60s

A

they challenged the assumption that homosexuality was pathological

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8
Q

Freudian theories of homosexuality

A

Homosexuality develops in people whose heterosexual desires are too psychologically threatening (Rado, 1962).

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9
Q

gender identity and the DSM

DSM-IV: gender identity disorder

A

Intense discomfort with one’s biological gender; strong identification with, and desire to be, the opposite gender

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10
Q

gender identity and the DSM

DSM-5: gender dysphoria

A

Emphasises importance of distress about the incongruity between biology and identity.

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11
Q

Feb 2017 rally

A

Rally against Trump’s decision to revoke guidelines issued on transgender students’ rights in schools

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12
Q

June 2020 rally

A

Stonewall rally focused on deaths in black trans community

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13
Q

The case of Zell Kravinsky

A
  • Kravinsky sold all his assets
  • he wanted to donate a kidney to a lower-income black person but professions refused as the procedure was likely to become unssuccessful
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14
Q

The case of Hetty Green

A
  • known as the “world’s geatest miser”
  • had an estimated networth of $100-200 million ($3bn)
  • she would never turn on the heat or change her clothes
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15
Q

were the cases of Hetty Green and Zell Kravinsky abnormal?

A

unable to tell, how could we measure what the ‘norm’ is when it comes to generosity?

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16
Q

what is the dictator game?

A
  • a dictator (distributes money) and a receiver (receiving money)
  • the receiver has no input into the decision and must accept whatever the dictator chooses to give
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17
Q

dictator game results

A

Many Dictators show a preference for fairness, offering exactly half of the available money. However, the modal offer among uni students is typically zero…
* differs across cultures

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18
Q

what is the role of sociocultural factors in the aeitology of mental dis

sociocultural factors: evidence

A

many psychological disturbances - symptoms and patterns of symptoms - are cross-cultural universals
* but sociocultural factors often predict prevalence

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19
Q

sociocultural factors often predict prevalence example:

A

Andrade et al. (2003). Assessed prevalence of major depressive disorder in various countries; prevalence ranged
from 3% in Japan to 17% in the USA.

20
Q

pathogenic social influences: low SES

2 points

A
  • Western society: Inverse correlation between SES and incidence of mental disorders
  • relationships stronger for certain types of disorders (e.g., stronger for ADP than depression)
21
Q

pathogenic social influences: low unemployment

A

Unemployment associated with emotional distress and
vulnerability to psychopathology. Underemployment (e.g.,
demotions, downsizing) has comparable effects

22
Q

low SES –> mental disorder?

A

stressors, resources, help
familial: LBW, modelling

23
Q

mental disorder –> low SES?

A

primary and secondary difficulties may decrease SES

24
Q

pathogenic social influences: other factors

A

prejudice and discrimination

25
Q

pathogenic social influences: social media

A

social media users are more aware of stressful events experienced by online friends

26
Q

pathogenic social influences: other factors

A

violence and homelessness
* e.g. domestic violence against women and children leads to anxiety, PTSD, depression and suicide

27
Q

how does culture shape the clinical presentation of mental disorders

Culture and the DSM: one important role of the DSM

A

to identify and diagnose mental health problems in a similar way across cultures. This approach assumes that medical illnesses will present in a universal way across cultures.

28
Q

culture and emotional distress

Somatization

A

a tendency to experience and communicate emotional distress in the form of physical symptoms
* rare in western cultures
* common in Asian cultures

29
Q

the more Westernised an individual is:

A

the less likely they are to report predominantly somatic symptoms when reporting psychological distress

30
Q

cultural symptoms repertoire

what did Edward Shorter state in his book?

A

We might think of culture as possessing a ‘symptom repertoire’ – a range of physical symptoms available to the unconscious mind for the physical expression of psychological conflict

31
Q

culture and behavioural control

Thailand behaviour

A

Some cultures (e.g., Thailand) highly intolerant of undercontrolled behaviour. Children are taught to inhibit expression of anger

32
Q

culture and behavioural control

what is expression of anger associated with?

A

it is associated with biological health risk (BHR) - but moderated by culture
* Kitayama et al. (2015). Greater expression of anger predicted increased BHR for Americans, but reduced BHR for Japanese.

33
Q

culture and drunkness

drinking games

A

how much people drink may matter less than how they drink it

34
Q

culture and drunkeness

what do people learn about their drunkeness?

A

People learn about drunkenness based on what their societies teach them, and by aligning their behavior with these teachings, they become living examples that validate their society’s beliefs.

35
Q

what do cultural factors such as technology do?

A

Cultural factors such as extant technology can shape the content of reality-distortion symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations.

36
Q

what does the capgras delusion result from?

A

damage to neural pathways underpinning the emotional
component of face recognition.

37
Q

anomalous experience of faces

A

Discordance between how a familiar person “looks” and the
way that they “feel”.

38
Q

capgras delusion and culture

what are the most recent presentations of capgras

A

cyborgs or robots

39
Q

delusions of reference

what is the most common delusional themes?

A

paranoia, grandosity and ideas of reference
* e.g. believing that people on TV or radio are talking about you or to you

40
Q

the Truman Show delusion

A

Described five patients who believed they were the subjects of something akin to a reality television show, broadcasting their daily life for the entertainment of others. (Gold & Gold 2012)

41
Q

culture specific disorders

what can culture shape? (psychopathology)

A

culture can shape the expression of psychopathology. At the extreme, entire patterns of symptoms may be more or less unique to a particular culture.

42
Q

culture specific disorders

Windigo/Wendigo

3 points

A
  • Algonquin Indian hunters
  • Victims become anxious and agitated, convinced they are bewitched
  • Fears centre on being turned into cannibal by the power of a monster with a craving for human flesh.
43
Q

culture specific disorders

kitsunetuski

A

a beleif that one is possessed by. fox and that one’s facial expressions change to resemble those of a fox

44
Q

culture specific disorders

Hikikomori

A

a disorder of acute social withdrawl in which young people remain in their bedroom and refuse social interaction for at least 6 moths

45
Q

culture specific disorders

Hikikomori

A

a disorder of acute social withdrawl in which young people remain in their bedroom and refuse social interaction for at least 6 months

46
Q

culture specific disorders

sleepy hollow - Kazakhstan

A

Every 10th villager has unexpectedly fallen asleep in broad daylight – some unable to wake up for several days.
* Despite numerous attempts to find the cause of the inexplicable disorder, the Sleepy Hollow riddle remained unsolved until 2015.

47
Q

mystery of kazakh solved

A

villagers who fell asleep for days at a time and suffered hallucinations were poisoned by disused uranium mine nearby

PS1110 (12 decks)

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