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PS1110 > Defining wellbeing and mental health > Flashcards

Defining wellbeing and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not just the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Mental health

A

A state of wellbeing in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with the common stresses of life, work successfully and make relationships

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3
Q

Mental health condition

A

Broad term covering mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities

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4
Q

Mental disorder

A

Syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation or behaviour

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5
Q

Psychosocial disability

A

disability that occurs when individuals with long-term mental impairments are faced by barriers preventing them from fully participating in society

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6
Q

Examples of psychosocial disability

A

discrimination, stigma & exclusion

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7
Q

Mental health (WHO)

A
  • Basic human right
  • Influences how we think/feel
  • Just as important as physical health
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8
Q

Mental ill-health linked to poverty

A
  • Starts before birth
  • Less financial resources
  • Less able to access healthcare
  • Stigma and discrimination undermine social support structures
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9
Q

Protective factors build resilience

A

Protective factors include positive parenting, quality education and employment, safe neighbourhoods and community cohesion

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10
Q

WHO initiative for mental health and wellbeing

A

Aim: increase mental health care provision, 100 million more people

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11
Q

Transformation towards better mental health for all

A
  • Shifting attitudes to mental health
  • Reshape environments
  • Strengthen mental health care
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12
Q

Shifting attitudes to mental health

A
  • Value mental health as part of own health and wellbeing
  • A basic human right
  • Key part of health, social-wellbeing and sustainable development
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13
Q

Reshape environments

A

Reduce risks and strengthen protective factors

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14
Q

Strengthen mental health care

A

Community-based network of accessible, affordable and quality services

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15
Q

Wellbeing (WHO) 1946

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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16
Q

How many articles on wellbeing have been published?

A

Since 1999 over 170,000 have been published

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17
Q

What do most researchers use?

A

Assessment of subjective wellbeing (SWB)

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18
Q

What is happiness?

A

life satisfaction, presence of positive mood and absence of negative mood

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19
Q

Wellbeing Hedonistic view:

A
  • Subjective wellbeing
  • Positive mood
  • Avoidance of pain and negative mood
    Ryan & Deci, 2001
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20
Q

Wellbeing Eudaimonic view:

A
  • Psychological wellbeing
  • Self-actualisation
  • Personal growth
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21
Q

Eudaimonic vs Hedonistic view:

A
  • Waterman (1993) - Personal expensiveness
    • Live in accordance with their daimon (true self)
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22
Q

Wellbeing (I Saw Elephants Playing Everywhere)

A
  • Individual
  • Social
  • Economic
  • Political
  • Environment
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23
Q

How much were the Greater London Authority funded for Well London?

A

£9.46m by the BIG Lottery Fund (2007)

24
Q

What was phase 1 of Well London?

A

developed & delivered in 30 of London’s most deprived neighbourhoods (35,000 people) and 17,000 participants

25
Q

Well London improvements on mental health %

A

86% improvements in mental wellbeing, 83% in physical activity and 60% for healthy eating

26
Q

Well London - Heart of the Community Activities

A

Positive psychology approaches to provide advice and information to increase people’s ability to bounce back from adversity

27
Q

Well London - Heart of the Community Activities: Haringey

A

Complementary therapy for over 50s, Mosaic recycling project, Food for thought and living free training, coach trip to Southend

28
Q

Well London - Heart of the Community Activities: Waltham forest

A

Women’s pampering session, camping trip and equipment, bike project, parent support group for autistic children

29
Q

Defining mental health conditions WHO

A

Disturbances to a person’s mental health
→ Combination of troubled thoughts, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others

30
Q

Mental health epidemiology

A

Study of distribution of mental health conditions

31
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of active cases in a population at any given period of time (%)

32
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases that occur over a given time - less than the prevalence as excludes existing cases

33
Q

Point prevalence

A

Estimated proportion of active cases of a condition in a given population at any given point in time

34
Q

1 year prevalence

A

Everyone who experienced condition at any point in time throughout entire year

35
Q

Life-time prevalence

A

Number of people with a particular condition at any times in their lives
- Includes both currently ill and recovered individuals

36
Q

Findings from a 2014 study done by Steel et al, 136 studies suggested that:

4 points

A
  • 17.6% experienced a common mental health condition within the past 12 months
  • 29.2% across their lifetime
  • Females more likely to experience mood or anxiety condition
  • Males more likely to experience alcohol or substance abuse
37
Q

Global 1 year prevalence (2019)

4 points

A
  • Prevalence varies with sex & age
  • More women (13.5%, 508 M) c.f. men (12.55, 462 M)
  • Anxiety disorders become prevalent at an earlier age
  • In adults depressive disorders are the most common
38
Q

Depression and anxiety in times of COVID-19

4 points

A
  • Significant increase in numbers of people living with depression and anxiety
  • Countries hardest hit by covid had the greatest increase in disorder prevalence
  • Greater increase in disorder prevalence in women
  • Greater increase among younger age groups than older ones
39
Q

DSM-5 Definition of mental disorders

A

Mental disorders are clinically significant dysfunctions in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that cause distress in daily functioning.

40
Q

Violating a societal norm

A

Not following the conventional social and moral rules of their cultural group, could be defined as problematic/disordered

41
Q

Homosexuality (WHO)

A

considered a disorder by the WHO until 1980

42
Q

Violating a statistical norm

2 points

A
  • Problematic/maladaptive - ‘Away from the norm’
  • Statistically infrequent behaviour could be considered maladaptive
43
Q

Personal distress

A

Individuals with mental health condition experience distress

44
Q

Personal distress does not apply to all disorders

2 points

A
  • Conduct disorders, antisocial personality disorder, highs in bipolar disorder
  • Can apply to adaptive/expected responses
    → Bereavement, war
45
Q

Disability or dysfunction in behaviour, to the individual:

A

Agoraphobia: may become housebound

46
Q

Disability or dysfunction in behaviour, to those around the individual:

A

Depression: might isolate themselves from friends and family

47
Q

Disability or dysfunction in behaviour: to society

A

Absenteeism and sick leave, lost work productivity

48
Q

Defining a mental health condition

4 points

A
  • Violation of societal norms
  • Statistical outlier
  • Personal distress
  • Impairing or disabling pattern of behaviour
49
Q

Why classify disorders?

A

Identify meaningful clusters of maladaptive behaviour

50
Q

Classification

A
  • Clear definitions of disorder
    • Useful for gathering statistics on disorders
  • Classification is frequently a work in progress
51
Q

Advantages of classifying mental disorders

4 points

A
  • Provides us with common nomenclature
  • Enables us to structure information in a helpful manner
  • Enables us to identify causes and treatments of disorders we classify
  • Practical benefits: insurance reimbursement, recognition of problems
52
Q

Disadvantages of classifying mental disorders

4 points

A
  • Any shorthand leads to the loss of information
  • Stigma of having a mental disorder
  • Stereotyping others
  • Labelling change in self-concept
53
Q

Approaches to classification: categorical

2 points

A
  • Presence/absence of a symptom pattern
  • Qualitative differences between normal and abnormal
54
Q

Approaches to classification: dimensional

3 points

A
  • Symptoms vary on a continuum
  • Differences are quantitative rather than qualitative
  • Worrying = general anxiety disorder
55
Q

How do we explain mental health conditions?: Genetic influences

4 points

A
  • Most mental health conditions show some genetic influence
  • Abnormalities in genes or naturally occurring variations - polymorphisms
  • Inherit a large number of genes that interact to increase vulnerability
  • Genes affect behaviour indirectly, expression is influenced by internal or external environment
56
Q

How do we explain mental health conditions?: Genotype-environment interactions

2 points

A
  • genetic factors can increase vulnerability when combined with significant stressors.
  • Genotype-environment interactions are hard to identify
    • Many different genetic risk factors, environmental events and large numbers needed for research studies

PS1110 (12 decks)

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