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PS1110 > Cognitive approaches > Flashcards

Cognitive approaches Flashcards

1
Q

what processes does the cognitive approach focus on?

6 processes

A
  • perception
  • attention
  • memory
  • recognition
  • reasoning
  • judgement
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2
Q

what do these cognitive processes do?

A

shape our behaviour and the emotions we experience
- which can become distorted/dysfunctional and contribute to maladaptive emotions and behaviour

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3
Q

what do cognitivists do between stimuli and response?

A

they extend the s -> r and claim that our emotions and behaviours are determined by our thinking pattern

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4
Q

what was Albert Ellis’ theory called?

A

Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy 1955

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5
Q

what is the A – B – C Theory of human disturbance

A

activating event (A) -> irrational beliefs (B) -> consequences (C) -> distress

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6
Q

how is adaptive functioning achieved?

A

adaptive functioning is achieved when behaving rationally and in tune with empirical reality

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7
Q

what causes maladaptive behaviour and psychological disorders?

A

irrational beliefs

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8
Q

what are irrational beleifs?

+ 3 examples

A

unrealistic views of the world, and perfectionists values:
- everyone must love/like me all of the time
- I must perform well or else I am inadequate
- I must have the approval of others , or else I’m inadequate and worthless

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9
Q

what is the aim and outcome of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) – for emotional problems:

A

aim = restructure belief system and self-evaluative processes
outcome = more positive sense of self-worth and an emotionally satisfying, fulfilling life

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10
Q

what did Aaron Beck develop?

A

cognitive therapy:
- first for depression, later for anxiety and other disorders
- Beck was influential in the development of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

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11
Q

what was Beck’s views on thinking disorder (i.e. dysfunctional thoughts)

A

thinking disorder (dysfuncitonal thoughts) were at the core of psychological problems

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12
Q

what is cognitive bias?

A

the way we interpret events and experiences determines our emotional reactions to them

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13
Q

what is the information-processing model?

A

Information taken in from the environment is processed by a series of cognitive processes of attention, memory and appraisal

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14
Q

what problems may arise with the information-processing model?

bias

A

problems may result from biased processing of external events or internal stimuli
- these biases distort the way people make sense of their world, their experiences, leading to cognitive errors

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15
Q

what is attention bias (anxiety)

A

attentional bias toward threat-related stimuli
-> most prevalent type of bias in anxiety disorders

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16
Q

what is attention bias (depression)

A

attention to negative emotional material and/or impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli

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17
Q

what is memory bias (anxiety)

A

implicit vs. explicit memory for threat cues

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18
Q

what is memory bias (depression)

A

tendency to remember negative material

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19
Q

what is appraisal bias (anxiety)

A

situations interpreted as more threatening

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20
Q

what is a schema?

A

a cognitive framework consisting of knowledge, beliefs and assumptions about the world

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21
Q

what are the main types of schemas?

6 main types

A
  • Object
  • Person
  • Social
  • Self
  • Role
  • Event
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22
Q

what are schemata activated by?

A

experiences and help us to organise and understand the world to produce quick automatic cognitive and emotional responses

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23
Q

how are new experiences incorporated into existing schemas?

A

assimilation and accomodation

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24
Q

what is assimilation

A

incorporating new experiences into existing cognitive frameworks
- even if new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit
- results in clinging to existing assumptions and rejecting new information that contradicts them

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25
Q

what is accomodation

A

changning existing schema to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit
- more difficult and threatening
- accommodation - basic goal and cognitive-behavioural therapies

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26
Q

when do scehmas develop?

A

in early life as children learn about the world and progressively become more fixed and rigid in adulthood

27
Q

schemas incorporate deeply-held core beliefs about:

A

self, future and the world
- core beliefs are largely subconscious, but give rise to conscious thoughts

28
Q

schemas: positive aspect

A

enable us to focus on relevant/important information among influx of information available to us

29
Q

schemas: negative aspect

A

also a source of psychological vulnerability if distorted and inaccurate

30
Q

what are self-schemas?

A

self-schemas for part of our identity and incorporate fundamental core beliefs about our attributes as a person
i.e:
- I am trustworthy
- I am an honest person
- I have a good sense of humour

31
Q

how do negative core beliefs form?

A

negative (or maladaptive) core beliefs usually form as a result of childhood trauma
i.e.
- loss
- neglect
- abuse
- bullying

32
Q

cognitive model of psychopathology

A
33
Q

what are cognitive distortions/errors?

A

biased processing of negative self-relevant information such that ambiguous situations are interpreted in problematic ways

34
Q

examples of cognitive distortions/errors (10)

A
  • labelling
  • personalisation
  • all or nothing thinking
  • over-generalising
  • mental filter
  • disqualifying the positive
  • jumping to conclusions
  • magnification & minimisation
  • emotional reasoning
  • “should” “must”
35
Q

labelling

A

assigning labels to ourselves or other people
i.e.
“I’m a loser”
“they are such an idiot”

36
Q

personalisation

A

blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault. Or blaming other people for something that was your fault

37
Q

all or nothing thinking (black and white thinking)

A
  • if i’m not perfect i have failed
  • either I do it right or not at all
38
Q

overgeneralising

A

seeing a pattern based upon a single event, or being overly broad in the conclusions we draw

39
Q

mental filter

A

only paying attention to certain types of evidence
- noticing our failures but not seeing our successes

40
Q

disqualifying the positive

A

discounting the good things that have happened or that you have done for some reason or another

41
Q

jumping to conclusions

2 types

A

mind reading: imagining we know what others are thinking
fortune telling: predicting the future

42
Q

magnification & minimisation

A

blowing things out of proportion or inappropriately shrinking something to make it seem less Important

43
Q

emotional reasoning

A

assuming that because we feel a certain way what we must think must be true
- I feel embarrassed so I must be an idiot

44
Q

“should” “must”

A

using critical words like should/must can make us feel guilty or like we have already failed

45
Q

what did Aaron Beck develop?

A

the Cognitive theory of depression

46
Q

examples of persuasive negative automatic thoughts:

A

the self: i am worthless
the world: people always ignore me
the future: things will never change

47
Q

the cognitive (negative) triad

3 points

A
  • self: negative thoughts about the self
  • future: negative thoughts about the future
  • world: negative thoughts about the world
48
Q

what do negative core beliefs lead to?

A

it can lead to changes in mood and behaviour

49
Q

what is therapy? (Beck)

A

collaborative work to help clients to change their views of themselves and the way in which they interpret life events

50
Q

what is the ultimate goal of therapy?

A

altering core beliefs schemas

51
Q

key features of cognitive behavioural therapy:

4 features

A
  • collaborative therapist-client relationships
  • goal-oriented and problem-focused
  • based on evidence and empirical evaluation
  • Practical approach oriented to changing behaviour, rather than trying to understand the dynamics of personality
52
Q

how long does CBT last

A

between 5 & 20, weekly or fortnightly sessions

53
Q

what occurs in the first 2-4 sessions of CBT

A

therapist checks that the client can use and feel comfortable using CBT

54
Q

what is a collaborative process?

A

therapist and client will discuss what they want to deal with in the short, medium and long term

55
Q

what does dysfunctional behaviour result from?

A

distorted thinking and biased information process

56
Q

CBT techniques used:

5 techniques

A

– Psychoeducation
– Behavioural activation and experiments
– Exposure
– Cognitive restructuring

57
Q

how are clients problems broken down?

A

they are broken down into separate parts e.g. keeping a diary such as an activity log or a Cognitive therapy thought record example

58
Q

brief steps of CBT:

3 steps

A
  • Therapist helps identify individual patterns of thoughts, emotions, bodily feelings, and actions
  • Hypothesis-testing approach
  • Homework almost every session to practice the skills learnt in the session
59
Q

how does keeping a diary help clients?

A

it aims to teach the client to be their own therapist-client can continue to practice and develop skills even after the sessions have finished
- process of change continues after therapy termination

60
Q

why does therapy emphasise relapse prevention?

A

to make it less likely that the symptoms or problems will return

61
Q

applications of CBT:

5 mental health conditions

A
  • depression
  • panic
  • OCD
  • PTSD
  • compulsive hoarding
  • health anxiety
62
Q

limitations of CBT:

A
  • CBT takes time (6 weeks to 6 months)
    depending on the problem and how it is working for the client
  • Therapist’s role is to support and encourage – demands a great deal of involvement from the client
  • Some clients may find it difficult to engage and get motivated
  • The availability to effective CBT may be a problem: remote areas: waiting list for treatment
  • Symptoms may return; important to keep practising CBT skills - relapse prevention
63
Q

Third wave CBT

4 points

A

■ Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
■ Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
■ Dialectical Behavioural Therapy
■ Compassion-Focused Therapy

PS1110 (12 decks)

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