Social Flashcards
1
Q
Define stereotypes
A
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
2
Q
Functions of stereotypes
A
- Automatically process social information
- Saves time, energy, effort
- Can cause over-generalization and bias
3
Q
Define attributions
A
- How we explain our own or others’ social behavior
- Inferences drawn about the cause of events
4
Q
Describe Weiner’s model of attributions for success and failure
A
- Internal
- personal dispositions, traits, abilities, feelings
- unstable (temporary) eg mood, fatigue
- stable (permanent) eg ability, intelligence
- External
- situational demands, environmental constraints
- unstable (temporary) eg luck, chance
- stable (permanent) eg task difficulty
5
Q
Describe actor-observer bias
A
- Observers
- favor internal attributions in explaining other’s behavior
- eg person A is stubborn
- Actors
- favor external attributions for their behavior
- eg topic is controversial
6
Q
Describe self-serving bias
A
- Tend to attribute successes to internal (personal) factors and failures to external (environmental) factors
- Progressively take more credit for successes and less responsibility for failures
7
Q
Individualism VS Collectivism
A
- Individualism
- Personal goals > group goals
- One’s identity defined by personal attributes
- Likely for self-serving bias
- Collectivism
- Group goals > personal goals
- One’s identity defined by group attributes
- Likely for self-effacing (modesty) bias
8
Q
Describe the matching hypothesis
A
- More similar, more likely to be attracted to each other
- eg physical looks, age, race, religion
- Higher match, higher marital satisfaction
9
Q
Define reciprocity effects
A
Liking those who show that they like us
10
Q
Describe passionate and companionate love
A
- Passionate
- Complete absorption in each other
- sexual feelings, intense emotions
- Companionate
- Warmth, trust, tolerant affection
- Intertwined lives
11
Q
Describe evolutionary perspectives on attraction
A
- Males
- Seek youthfulness and physical attraction in partners
- In courtship, emphasizes own material resources
- eg conspicuous consumption to signal wealth and success
- Females
- Seek ambition, social status, financial potential
- In courtship, emphasizes own appearance
- eg Allocate income to beauty products
12
Q
Describe cultural perspectives on relationships
A
- Similarities
- Similarities between partners
- Males seek physical attractiveness
- Females seek social status and financial resources
- Differences
- Individualist societies focus more on romantic, passionate love
13
Q
Define attitude and the components of attitude
A
- Positive or negative evaluation of objects of thought
- Cognitive: belief and ideas
- Affective: emotional feelings
- Behavioural: predispositions to act
14
Q
Why are attitude-behavior relations inconsistent?
A
- Explicit and implicit attitudes
- Explicit: hold consciously, can readily describe
- Implicit: subtle autonomic responses, little conscious control
- Attitude strength
- Situational constraints, eg peer pressure
15
Q
Describe the persuasion process in changing attitudes
A
-
Source
- person who sends communication
- high credibility: expertise, trustworthiness, likability
-
Receiver
- person to whom the message is sent
- stronger attitudes are more resistant to change
- resistance promotes resistance
-
Message
- info transmitted by source
- mere exposure effect: repeated exposures promotes greater liking
-
Channel
- medium of how the message is sent
