Development

Question 1

Describe Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Answer 1

• Sensorimotor
  
  • 0-2 years
  • Object permanence: an object continues to exist when not visible
• Preoperational
  
  • 2-7 yrs
  • Centration: only focusing on one aspect of a problem
  • Irreversibility: inability to imagine reversing an action
  • Egocentrism: limited ability to share another’s viewpoint
  • Animism: belief that all things are living
• Concrete Operational
  
  • 7-11 yrs
  • Inductive reasoning begins
• Formal Operational
  
  • > 11 yrs
  • Hypothetical deductive reasoning begins
  • Abstract concepts

Question 2

Describe Erik Erikson’s life course theory

Answer 2

• Life course has eight stages involving a crisis or dilemma
  1. Trust VS Mistrust
  2. Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt
  3. Initiative VS Guilt
  4. Industry VS Inferiority
  5. Identity VS Confusion
  6. Intimacy VS Isolation
  7. Generativity VS Stagnation
  8. Integrity VS Despair

Question 3

Describe Harry Harlow’s studies of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys

Answer 3

• Raised monkeys with surrogate mothers
  
  • Clothed: contact comfort
  • Wired
• Upon fearful stimulus, monkeys scrambled for clothed mother
• Questions reinforcement theory of attachment

Question 4

Describe John Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 4

• Attachment
  
  • a close emotional bond between
    two people who have mutual affection and the desire to maintain proximity
• Unlearned nature of preference for contact comfort
• Infants emit behavior that triggers adults’ protective response

Question 5

Describe Mary Ainsworth’s patterns of attachment

Answer 5

• Secure
  
  • Explore comfortably with mother present
  • Upset when mother leaves
  • Quickly calmed by her return
• Anxious-Ambivalent
  
  • Anxious with mother present
  • Upset when mother leaves
  • Not calmed by her return
• Avoidant
  
  • Seek little contact with mother
  • Unaffected when mother leaves

Question 6

Describe Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 6

• Cognitive development is fueled by social interactions
• Via collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of society
• Private speech: Language is the foundation for cognitive processes

Question 7

Describe the dynamic systems theory

Answer 7

• Development of characteristics/skills is the result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
• Intrinsic
  
  • eg ethnicity, genetic inheritance
• Extrinsic
  
  • eg poor nutrition, disease, opportunities

Question 8

What are the three aspects of morality?

Answer 8

• Affective
  
  • emotional component
  • motivate moral thoughts and actions
• Behavioral
  
  • how we behave when we experience the temptation to violate moral rules
• Cognitive
  
  • the way right and wrong are conceptualized
  • decisions about how to behave

Question 9

Describe Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 9

• Stage 1: Punishment (Pre-C)
  
  • Think in terms of external authority
  • Comply out of fear of punishment
• Stage 2: Naive reward (Pre-C)
  
  • Think in terms of rewards/positive consequences
• Stage 3: Good boy/girl (C)
  
  • Think in terms of gaining others’ approval
• Stage 4: Authority (C)
  
  • Think in terms of maintaining social order
  • Conform to rules of legal authority
• Stage 5: Social contract (Post-C)
  
  • Understand social mutuality and human welfare
  • Society’s rules can be fallible
• Stage 6: Individual principles (Post-C)
  
  • Think in terms of self-chosen ethical principles of individual conscience

Question 10

Describe Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory

Answer 10

• Adaptive value of behavior and biological characteristics in response to the environment
• Natural selection based on
  • Genetic inheritance
  • Genetic variability
  • Genetic selection

Question 11

Describe Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory

Answer 11

• Oral
  
  • First 18 months
  • Consequences of fixation: orally aggressive/passive
• Anal
  
  • 18-36 months
  • Beginning of socialization
• Phallic
  
  • 3-5 yrs
  • Curiosity about sex organs
  • Oedipus complex: Boys’ sexual fantasies
  • Electra complex: Girls’ sexual fantasies
• Latency
  
  • 5-12 yrs
  • physical and psychic energy in socially acceptable outlets
• Genital
  
  • > 12 yrs
  • Sexual urges reactivated due to maturation of reproductive system and sex hormones

Consequence of fixation: Development of socially unacceptable behavior

Question 12

Define development

Answer 12

Sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Question 13

Define developmental changes

Answer 13

Biological and behavioral changes that occur across the lifespan