Development Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory
A
-
Sensorimotor
- 0-2 years
- Object permanence: an object continues to exist when not visible
-
Preoperational
- 2-7 yrs
- Centration: only focusing on one aspect of a problem
- Irreversibility: inability to imagine reversing an action
- Egocentrism: limited ability to share another’s viewpoint
- Animism: belief that all things are living
-
Concrete Operational
- 7-11 yrs
- Inductive reasoning begins
-
Formal Operational
- > 11 yrs
- Hypothetical deductive reasoning begins
- Abstract concepts
2
Q
Describe Erik Erikson’s life course theory
A
- Divides life course into eight stages
- Each stage involves a crisis or dilemma
- Resolution to the crises affects personality development
3
Q
Describe Harry Harlow’s studies of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys
A
- Raised monkeys with surrogate mothers
- Clothed: contact comfort
- Wired
- Upon fearful stimulus, monkeys scrambled for clothed mother
- Questions reinforcement theory of attachment
4
Q
Describe John Bowlby’s attachment theory
A
-
Attachment
- a close emotional bonds between
two people who have mutual affection
and the desire to maintain proximity
- a close emotional bonds between
- Unlearned nature of preference for contact comfort
- Infants emit behavior that triggers adults’ protective response
5
Q
Describe Mary Ainsworth’s patterns of attachment
A
-
Secure
- Explore comfortably with mother present
- Upset when mother leaves
- Quickly calmed by her return
-
Anxious-Ambivalent
- Anxious with mother present
- Upset when mother leaves
- Not calmed by her return
-
Avoidant
- Seek little contact with mother
- Unaffected when mother leaves
6
Q
Describe Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
A
- Cognitive development is fueled by social interactions
- Via collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of society
- Private speech: Language is the foundation for cognitive processes
7
Q
Describe the dynamic systems theory
A
- Development of characteristics/skills is the result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
-
Intrinsic
- eg ethnicity, genetic inheritance
-
Extrinsic
- eg poor nutrition, disease, opportunities
8
Q
What are the three aspects of morality?
A
-
Affective
- emotional component
- motivate moral thoughts and actions
-
Behavioral
- how we behave when we experience the temptation to violate moral rules
-
Cognitive
- the way right and wrong are conceptualized
- decisions about how to behave
9
Q
Describe Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
A
- Stage 1: Punishment
- Think in terms of external authority
- Comply out of fear of punishment
- Stage 2: Naive reward
- Think in terms of rewards/positive consequences
- Stage 3: Good boy/girl
- Think in terms of gaining others’ approval
- Stage 4: Authority
- Think in terms of maintaining social order
- Conform to rules of legal authority
- Stage 5: Social contract
- Understand social mutuality and human welfare
- Society’s rules can be fallible
- Stage 6: Individual principles
- Think in terms of self-chosen ethical principles of individual conscience
10
Q
Describe Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory
A
- Adaptive value of behavior and biological
characteristics in response to the environment -
Natural selection based on
- Genetic inheritance
- Genetic variability
- Genetic selection
11
Q
Describe Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
A
-
Oral
- First 18 months
- Consequences of fixation: orally aggressive/passive
-
Anal
- 18-36 months
- Beginning of socialization
-
Phallic
- 3-5 yrs
- Curiosity about sex organs
- Oedipus complex: Boys’ sexual fantasies
- Electra complex: Girls’ sexual fantasies
-
Latency
- 5-12 yrs
- physical and psychic energy in socially acceptable outlets
-
Genital
- > 12 yrs
- Sexual urges reactivated due to maturation of reproductive system and sex hormones
