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24-25 PSYCHOLOGY > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits

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2
Q

What are personality traits?

A
  • Consistent pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior
  • Dispositions to think, act, or feel
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3
Q

What are the four temperaments of Galen?

A
  • Melancholic
    • Black bile from kidneys/spleen
    • Depressed
  • Phlegmatic
    • White phlegm
    • Calm
  • Choleric
    • Yellow bile from liver
    • Angry
  • Sanguine
    • Red blood
    • Happy
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4
Q

Nomothetic VS Idiographic approaches

A
  • Nomothetic: Common traits and dimensions across individuals
  • Idiographic: Individual lives and how characteristics integrate into unique persons
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5
Q

Situationist VS Interactionism

A
  • Walter Mischel
  • Situationism: Behaviors determined more by situations than by personality traits
  • Interactionism: Behaviors influenced by both situations and traits
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6
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

A
  • The most significant individual differences in human transactions encoded as simple terms in language
  • Prime trait terms
  • 4504 stable traits
  • Allport and Odbert
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7
Q

What is 16PF?

A
  • Cattell
  • Categorized traits using factor analysis (orthogonal and independent)
  • Identifies broad personality dimensions
  • 16 primary factors under 5 second-order scales
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8
Q

What are the Big Five personality traits?

A
  • Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
  • Openness to Experience
    • Depth and breadth of intellectual, artistic, and experiential life
  • Conscientiousness
    • Capacity to organize, complete tasks, and work towards long-term goals
  • Extraversion
    • Social, positive outlook
  • Agreeableness
    • Social, empathy
  • Neuroticism
    • Proneness to experience negative emotions and moods
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9
Q

How do the Big Five personality traits tend to change with age?

A
  • Reduction in N, E, O
    • Less neurotic: More self-control and emotional stability
    • Less extraverted
    • Less open to new experiences
  • Increase in A, C
    • More agreeable
    • More conscientious
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10
Q

How does personality develop?

A

A combination of genetics, brain function, environmental interactions, and life choices

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11
Q

What are evolutionary perspectives on personality?

A
  • Adaptation of traits based on selection pressures
  • Eg mate competition, resource availability
  • Sexual Selection
    • Signals desirable qualities in potential mates
    • Eg extraversion in males may attract females
  • Group Selection
    • Diversity in personality traits relates to group social skills
    • Eg Agreeableness facilitates cooperation
  • Genetic Influences
    • Twin studies: Genetics accounts for 40-60% of variance in personality traits
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12
Q

What are temperaments?

A
  • Innate tendencies to feel or act in certain ways
  • Broader than personality traits
  • Activity level: energy, behavior
  • Emotionality: intensity of emotional reactions
  • Sociability: tendency to affiliate with others
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13
Q

What is Freud’s theory of personality?

A
  • Innate biological drives (Id) VS Aquired internal socialized control (Superego)
  • Id: Wants instant gratification regardless of consequences
  • Superego: Behave in socially accepted ways
  • Ego: Mediator between Id and Superego
  • Id VS Superego unresolved conflicts cause:
    • Neurosis (anxiety)
    • Catharsis
    • Ego defense mechanisms
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14
Q

What are defense mechanisms according to Freud?

A
  • Unconscious strategies used by the ego
  • Protect against anxiety
  • Denial
    • Refusing to accept real events
  • Displacement
    • Diverting emotional feelings to a substitute target
  • Reaction formation
    • Behave oppositely from beliefs
    • Eg parent who unconsciously resents a child spoils them with gifts
  • Regression
    • Return to immature coping strategies
    • Eg adult has a temper tantrum
  • Rationalization
    • Justifying behaviors with false, plausible excuses
    • Eg Blaming a failing grade on the professor
  • Repression
    • Suppress distressing thoughts and feelings
  • Projection
    • Attributing thoughts/feelings/motives to another
  • Sublimation
    • Redirecting unacceptable desires through acceptable channels
    • Eg joining community support groups
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15
Q

Describe Freud’s Psychosexual development theory

A
  • Personality and behaviour shaped by childhood experiences
  • Failure to resolve conflicts results in fixation
  • Oral personality
    • Weaned too early or too late
    • Adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites nails
  • Anal-retentive personality
    • Too harsh toilet training
    • Over-control, stingy
  • Anal-expulsive personality
    • Too lenient toilet training
    • Messy, careless, emotional outbursts
  • Oedipus complex
    • Conflict when the boy feels desire for mother
    • Jealousy and hatred towards father
    • Resolution: to identify with his father
    • Failure to resolve: vain, overly ambitious
  • Electra complex
    • Girl’s version
    • Penis envy
  • Latency period
    • Sexual feelings are suppressed (dormant)
    • Child focuses on other activities
  • Genital Stage
    • Puberty onset
    • Sexual urges resurface
    • Redirected to socially acceptable partners
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16
Q

What are Alfred Adler’s key contributions to psychology?

A
  • Individual Psychology
    • Social connections > Freud’s psychosexual stages
  • Inferiority Complex
    • Inferiority in childhood motivate individuals to seek superiority
  • Three Social Tasks
    • Occupational (careers)
    • Societal (friendships)
    • Love (intimate relationships).
  • Influence of Birth Order
    • Shapes feelings of inferiority and drives for superiority
17
Q

What are Carl Jung’s key contributions to psychology?

A
  • Analytical Psychology
    • Rejected sexual drive as primary motivator
    • Unconscious mind, expands on Freud’s theories
  • Collective Unconscious
    • Archetypes (ancestral memories)
    • Universal themes across cultures
  • Persona
    • “Mask” to hide socially unacceptable aspects
  • Attitudes
    • Extroversion VS Introversion
18
Q

Define self-efficacy in the context of personality.

A
  • Individual’s belief in their ability to achieve specific outcomes
  • Influences motivation and behavior
19
Q

What is the locus of control ?

A
  • Julian Rotter
  • Beliefs about power we have over our lives
  • Internals VS Externals: Direct result of own efforts OR Beyond control
  • Stable VS Unstable: Cause can be changed OR Permanent
  • Global VS Specific: Inadequacy in everything OR Specific area
20
Q

Describe the humanistic approach

A
  • Innate capacity for self-directed change
  • Emphasis on individual choices
  • Hierarchy of needs theory
    • Abraham Maslow
    • Basic needs: Physiological, safety
    • Psychological needs: Belongingness and love, esteem
    • Self-fulfillment: Self-actualization (potential)
  • Self-concept
    • Carl Rogers
    • Thoughts and feelings about oneself
    • Ideal self VS Real self
    • Congruence: self-worth, productive life
    • Incongruence: maladjusted behaviour/personality
21
Q

Describe the behaviorist perspective (B.F. Skinner)

A
  • Rejected that internal processes result in certain personalities
  • Personality reflects learned responses to patterns of reinforcement
  • Considered an extreme form of situationism
22
Q

Describe observational learning

A
  • Vicarous capability: learning indirectly by observing and imitating others
  • Depends on personal (cognitive) factors
23
Q

Describe the Social-Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura

A
  • Reciprocal determinism
  • learning and cognitive processes as sources of individual differences in personality.
  • Our behaviour (rewarded/punished), cognitive factors (learned beliefs, expectations, biases, personal cognitive factors), and situational context all influence each other.

24-25 PSYCHOLOGY (10 decks)

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