Social

Question 1

Social facilitation (improved performance) is more likely to occur in

a) learning how to solve a new puzzle under timed pressure
b) parallel parking when the person learned to drive in a city

Answer 1

b - social facilitation is more likely than social inhibition for easy and well-learned tasks

Question 2

4 levels of acculturation that are determined  by a person's acceptance or rejection of their own minority culture:
1) integrated
2) 
3) separated
4)

Answer 2

1) integrated
2) assimilated
3) separated
4) marginalized - rejects both cultures

Question 3

Strength, accessibility, and specificity of attitudes determines:

Answer 3

the strength of the connection between a person’s attitudes and behaviors

Question 4

Realistic conflict theory (sherif)

Answer 4

prejudice and discrimination are the result of direct competition between groups for scarce and valued resources (as evidenced by the Robbers Cave Stud)y

Question 5

Is the primacy effect ( tendency to remember or be persuaded most by information that’s presented first) more likely to occur/be more powerful when 2 stimuli are presented spaced apart or back to back?

Answer 5

Back to back, and then attitudes are measured later

Question 6

when members of a group exert less effort when working on a task than they would have exerted when working alone.

Answer 6

Social loafing

Question 7

when a person conforms to the judgments of others to avoid their ridicule or rejection, and it helps explain conformity in unambiguous situations

Answer 7

normative influence

Question 8

In a close relationship, unexpected behavior that interrupts normal routines causes what according to emotion-in-relationships model?

Answer 8

Strong emotions (can be positive or negative)

Question 9

According to Kelly’s covariation model, what are the 3 factors that influence attribution?

Answer 9

Consensus, Consistency, Distinctiveness

Consensus (would others do the same thing?); Consistency (Does the person usually act this way in this type of situation?); Distinctiveness (Does the person usually act differently in other types of situations?)

Question 10

superstitious behaviors may result from what errors in automatic thinking

Answer 10

illusory control - people believe they can influence events that are outside their control

illusory correlation - overestimate the relatinoship between 2 events or things bc they occur close together

Question 11

when we make judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event, we ignore base rates and other important information and focus, instead, on the extent to which the event resembles a prototype (typical case).

Answer 11

representativeness heuristic

Question 12

actor-observer effect

Answer 12

attribute others behavior to dispositional factors

Question 13

We are likely to attribute others’ behaviors to external factors when what 3 things are high

Answer 13

consensus
consistincy
distinctiveness

Question 14

Relationship between attitude and behavior is predicted by

Answer 14

Strength
Accessibility
Specificity of behavior

SAS

Question 15

Intention to perform a behavior is predicted by (theory of reasoned action)

Answer 15

attitude about behavior
subjective norms (what others think you should do)
perceived behavioral control (confidence)

ASP

Question 16

According tot he prototype/willingess model, what are the 2 paths to engaging in a behavior

Answer 16

reasoned path (intention)
social reaction path (willingness in particular circumstances, which is determined by the person’s prototype (social image) of people who engage in the behavior)

Question 17

People are more likely to wear masks when all their popular friends are wearing masks. What model might best explain this

Answer 17

Prototype willingness model: When the prototype is positive, a person is more willing to engage in the behavior in social situations that are conducive to that behavior

Question 18

when the message is personally relevant and person is a neutral/bad mood, is central route or peripheral route better

Answer 18

central route- likely to be a better predictor of attitude change and behavior versus central route

Question 19

Social judgment theory is based on the assumption that the effectiveness of a persuasive message depends on a person’s current position on an issue, and it distinguishes between three “latitudes” that represent different degrees of similarity between the person’s position and the position advocated by the message:

Answer 19

1. acceptance
2. rejection
3. non-commitment (consists of positions the person will not automatically accept or reject but will consider because they’re moderately different from his/her position)

as ego goes up, so does rejection

Question 20

when people are externally reinforced for engaging in an intrinsically rewarding behavior, their intrinsic motivation decreases

Answer 20

overjustification effect

Question 21

Greatest amount of attitude change occurs when there is ____ discrepancy between current position and message position

Answer 21

moderate (when the message is from a low-credibility source; however if the source his highly-credible, max attitude change will occur when there is the greatest discrepancy)

Question 22

If attitudes are assessed RIGHT after the presentation of 2 messages, which message will have the greatest impact

Answer 22

The second (if the presentation of messages 1 and 2 were spaced a little and then attitudes were checked right after message 2)

Question 23

If attitudes are assessed awhile after the presentation of 2 messages, which message will have the greatest impact

Answer 23

The first 1

Question 24

When self-esteem is ____ and intelligence is ____ , you are more persuadable

Answer 24

self-esteem = moderate
intelligence = low

Question 25

psychological reactance

Answer 25

occurs when people feel that pressure to behave in a particular way threatens their personal freedom and they attempt to regain their freedom by, for example, doing the opposite of what has been requested or acting aggressively toward the person who made the request.

Question 26

Informational vs. normative influence

Answer 26

Informational: people conform to the judgments of others because they think others know more than they do

Normative influence: confirm because afraid of ridicule/rejection

Question 27

influencer first makes a small request that most people would agree to and, when the person agrees, the influencer makes a larger request.

Answer 27

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 28

the influencer first makes a large request that most people would reject. Then, when the person turns down the request, the influencer makes a smaller request.

Answer 28

door in the face

Question 29

Opinion change due to majority influence is more likely to lead to ____

Opinion change due to minority influence is more likely to lead to ___

Answer 29

majority influence = compliance

minority influence = attitude change/conversion

Question 30

disjunctive task requires group members

Answer 30

to choose the best solution, decision, or judgment from those provided by each group member, which is ordinarily the one provided by the most competent member. A group’s performance on a disjunctive task is equal to or less than the performance of the best group member.

Question 31

When working on a conjunctive task where all group members have to contribute equally, group performance is

Answer 31

limited by the contribution of the least capable member.

Question 32

If Joe Biden makes a mistake, I like him more and think he’s human

If Trump makes a mistake, his attractiveness decreases

what is this called

Answer 32

pratfall effect

Spencer prat makes a blunder and I hate him more

Question 33

when she doesn’t take action because she concludes that the inactivity of other bystanders is due to the fact that they know the situation does not constitute an emergency.

Answer 33

pluarlistic ignorance

Question 34

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 34

empathic concern induces altruism which drives helping behavior– i.e., people help another person because they’re concerned about the person’s well-being.

Question 35

Do superordinate goals (accomplished only when members of the groups worked together cooperatively) increase or decrease intergroup conflict

Answer 35

decrease

Question 36

refers to the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than would be made by individual group members working alone

Answer 36

group polarization

Question 37

Research suggests that the credibility of the person delivering a persuasive message is determined primarily by his or her:

Answer 37

expertise and trustworthiness

Question 38

model where an effective leader adopts the style (directive, achievement-oriented, supportive, or participative) that best fits certain characteristics of the employee and the employee’s tasks.

Answer 38

path-goal theory

Question 39

According to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005), what is the best predictor of behavior ?

Answer 39

intention: , a person’s intention to perform a particular behavior

Question 40

a process by which people consider their ingroup as fully human and outgroups as less human and more animal-like” and occurs even in the absence of intergroup antagonism or differences in status

Answer 40

infrahumanization

Question 41

the tendency to imagine what might have happened but didn’t and can involve imagining either better or worse outcomes

Answer 41

counterfactual thinking

Question 42

alpha strategies vs. omega strategies

Answer 42

Alpha strategies = increase approach behaviors; omega strategies = decrease avoidance

Question 43

Integration, conformity, and pre-encounter all have what in common

Answer 43

They are all the first stages of minority identity development models where people adopt majority/white culture and with regards to conformity and pre-encounter, idealize white culture

Question 44

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Morgan says that Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug that his wife needs because people will think he’s a thief if he does so. Morgan’s response suggests that he’s in Kohlberg’s __________ level of moral development.

Answer 44

conventional

Question 45

Cultural/racial overshadowing

Answer 45

a clinician thinks a problem is due to the client’s cultural background without considering the possibility that the problem could be due to an unrelated issue or condition.

Question 46

aversive racism is characterized by

Answer 46

covert (subtle) racism that combines
egalitarian principles
anti-minority feelings (but externally supportive)

Question 47

What type of racism is occuring when someone believes that minorities violate traditional American values.

Answer 47

symbolic racism (a form of covert racism, along with aversive racism)