Development

Question 1

Animistic thinking

Answer 1

Children are engaging in animistic thinking when they believe inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and other lifelike qualities.

Question 2

Moratorium status of identity development (Marcia)

Answer 2

identity crisis and a lack of commitment to a particular identity

Question 3

If graham calls all 4-legged animals doggie, this is called

Answer 3

overextension; if he called only duncan dog but no other dogs dog, that would be underextension

Question 4

Do neglected or rejected children have worse outcomes? Which are more likely to change status if they change peer groups?

Answer 4

Rejected children have worse outcomes

Neglected children are more likely to change status when they change peer groups

Question 5

the tendency for development of a specific genotype to follow the same trajectory under different conditions

Answer 5

Canalization

Question 6

Prader-Willi syndrome is most often caused by a deletion on the ____
Angelman syndrome is most often caused by deletion on the ___

Answer 6

Prader-Willi: paternal chromosome 15

Angelman: maternal chromosome 15

Question 7

Klinefelter syndrome affects ____ and is due to:

Turner syndrome affects ___ and is due to:

Answer 7

Klinefelter - affects males, due to extra X chromosome

Turner - affects females, X chromosome missing

Question 8

drugs, diseases, and environmental hazards that cause developmental defects in the embryo or fetus

Answer 8

teratogens - most effect development 3 to 8 weeks later

Question 9

What teratogen can cause spontaneous abortion in the 1st trimester, premature birth, and low birth weight

Answer 9

cocaine

Question 10

If you don’t produce many new neurons after birth, why does the brain grow from 25% of adult weight at birth to 80% by 2 years old

Answer 10

synaptogenesis (the creation of new synapses), the growth of new dendrites, and myelination, in which the axons become covered in a fatty substance (myelin) that acts as an insulator and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

Question 11

When does synaptogenesis peak

Answer 11

2 to 3 years of age; at that time, those that have synapsed are strengthened, the others are lost (synaptic pruning)

Question 12

Hearing and vision start decreasing at what age

Answer 12

40

Question 13

babbling begins at what age

Answer 13

6 mo

Question 14

holophrastic speech (age):
telegraphic speech (age):

Answer 14

holophrastic speech (12-15mo start): "juice"
telegraphic speech (18-24 mo start): "juice done"

Question 15

saying “foots” instead of feet

Answer 15

overregularization

Question 16

the act of translating and interpreting within immigrant families by children and adolescents for their parents, other family members, and other adults”

Answer 16

language brokering

Question 17

According to Vygotsky’s social-cultural theory of development, which comes first, interpersonal or intrapersonal learning

Answer 17

interpersonal (teacher teaches)

intrapersonal

Question 18

Are boys or girls more vulnerable pre- and perinatal hazards and diseases and are more likely to have developmental problems such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and speech defects.

Answer 18

boys

Question 19

Rothbart’s theory of temperament is based on constitutional differences in what 2 things

Answer 19

reactivity: surgency/extraversion vs. neg affectivity

self-regulation

Question 20

Although they come from different temperament theories, negative affectivity (Rothbart) and behavioral inhibition both refer to

Answer 20

tendency towards negative emotions, shyness, and withdrawl

Question 21

3 stages of Kohlberg’s gender identity development in which gender identity is thought to be related to cog development

Answer 21

gender identity (2-3)
gender stability (4)
gender constancy (6-7)

gender ISC: gender identity is stable and constant

Question 22

According to Marcia’s theory of identity development, what stage is a teenager in who blindly accepts the values of the Republican party because all their parents are Republican

Answer 22

Identity foreclosure

Question 23

Separation anxiety begins at ___ and peaks ___ then gradually declines.

Stranger anxiety begins at __ and declines at age __

Answer 23

Separation anxiety: begins 6-8 mo, peaks at 18 mo

Stranger anxiety: begins at 8-10 mo, declines at 2

Question 24

age of critical period when children are separated from mothers that causes lasting damage

Answer 24

7 mo

Question 25

Emotions that Graham is just starting to experience in 18-24 mo window

Answer 25

envy, empathy and embarrassment

Question 26

Does guilt or shame produce more motivation to change

Answer 26

Shame - made people more likely to distance themselves from the event too

Question 27

What is the intervention that was designed to stop the coercive family cycle (a) threats or aggression work temporarily b) the child learns the aggressive behaviors and learns ab tantrum success c) interactions escalate over time)

Answer 27

Parent Management Training – Oregon Model (PMTO)

Question 28

Which is more advanced, associative play or social play

Answer 28

associative play - child interacts with other children but without shared goals (whereas social doesn’t include interaction)

Question 29

What feeling towards the other partner is the best predictor of divorce

Answer 29

contempt - particularly with early divorces; neuroticism is highly linked to divorce as well

Question 30

If a parent gets divorced, what is the optimal age of children at time of remarry

Answer 30

9 and younger (10-14 have the most problems, particularly girls)

Question 31

Phases of IPV

Answer 31

Tension building
Acute battering
Loving contrition

Question 32

Based on their research, Kagan and his colleagues (Kagan et al., 2007) concluded that __________ is a temperament characteristic that has a biological basis and is relatively stable over time.

Answer 32

behavioral inhibition

Question 33

According to Vygotsky, children’s ______ play provides them with a zone of proximal development.

Answer 33

make-believe

Question 34

A child explores the use of a block by banging it against the tray on his highchair, using it to push another block across the tray, and dropping it while sitting in his high chair. As described by Piaget, this is an example of

Answer 34

tertiary circular reactions - start between 12 and 18 m onths

Question 35

Regarding health, is being married more beneficial for men or women?

Answer 35

beneficial effects on the health behaviors of men and women, but the benefits are more pronounced for men.

Question 36

According to Piaget, deferred imitation (copying another kids behavior awhile after the other kid stops) starts between

Answer 36

18-24 mo

Question 37

Bronfenbrenner’s’s system that consists of elements in the environment that the child may not have direct contact with but affect the child’s immediate environment. It includes the parents’ places of work, community services, and government agencies.

Answer 37

exosystm

Question 38

The last of the self conscious emotions to emerge

Answer 38

pride, shame, and guilt (30-36 mo)

Question 39

As described by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, a parent’s workplace, the child’s extended family, and the mass media are part of the child’s:

Answer 39

exosystem.

Question 40

In Ainsworth’s (Ainsworth et al., 1978) “strange situation,” an infant with a(n) ____________ attachment pattern clings to his/her mother, is very upset when she leaves, and is angry and rejects her when she returns. Mothers with this attachment pattern are usually ____________.

Answer 40

resistant; inconsistent in their caregiving