Development Flashcards
Animistic thinking
Children are engaging in animistic thinking when they believe inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and other lifelike qualities.
Moratorium status of identity development (Marcia)
identity crisis and a lack of commitment to a particular identity
If graham calls all 4-legged animals doggie, this is called
overextension; if he called only duncan dog but no other dogs dog, that would be underextension
Do neglected or rejected children have worse outcomes? Which are more likely to change status if they change peer groups?
Rejected children have worse outcomes
Neglected children are more likely to change status when they change peer groups
the tendency for development of a specific genotype to follow the same trajectory under different conditions
Canalization
Prader-Willi syndrome is most often caused by a deletion on the ____
Angelman syndrome is most often caused by deletion on the ___
Prader-Willi: paternal chromosome 15
Angelman: maternal chromosome 15
Klinefelter syndrome affects ____ and is due to:
Turner syndrome affects ___ and is due to:
Klinefelter - affects males, due to extra X chromosome
Turner - affects females, X chromosome missing
drugs, diseases, and environmental hazards that cause developmental defects in the embryo or fetus
teratogens - most effect development 3 to 8 weeks later
What teratogen can cause spontaneous abortion in the 1st trimester, premature birth, and low birth weight
cocaine
If you don’t produce many new neurons after birth, why does the brain grow from 25% of adult weight at birth to 80% by 2 years old
synaptogenesis (the creation of new synapses), the growth of new dendrites, and myelination, in which the axons become covered in a fatty substance (myelin) that acts as an insulator and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
When does synaptogenesis peak
2 to 3 years of age; at that time, those that have synapsed are strengthened, the others are lost (synaptic pruning)
Hearing and vision start decreasing at what age
40
babbling begins at what age
6 mo
holophrastic speech (age): telegraphic speech (age):
holophrastic speech (12-15mo start): "juice" telegraphic speech (18-24 mo start): "juice done"
saying “foots” instead of feet
overregularization
the act of translating and interpreting within immigrant families by children and adolescents for their parents, other family members, and other adults”
language brokering
According to Vygotsky’s social-cultural theory of development, which comes first, interpersonal or intrapersonal learning
interpersonal (teacher teaches)
intrapersonal
Are boys or girls more vulnerable pre- and perinatal hazards and diseases and are more likely to have developmental problems such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and speech defects.
boys
Rothbart’s theory of temperament is based on constitutional differences in what 2 things
reactivity: surgency/extraversion vs. neg affectivity
self-regulation
Although they come from different temperament theories, negative affectivity (Rothbart) and behavioral inhibition both refer to
tendency towards negative emotions, shyness, and withdrawl
3 stages of Kohlberg’s gender identity development in which gender identity is thought to be related to cog development
gender identity (2-3) gender stability (4) gender constancy (6-7)
gender ISC: gender identity is stable and constant
According to Marcia’s theory of identity development, what stage is a teenager in who blindly accepts the values of the Republican party because all their parents are Republican
Identity foreclosure
Separation anxiety begins at ___ and peaks ___ then gradually declines.
Stranger anxiety begins at __ and declines at age __
Separation anxiety: begins 6-8 mo, peaks at 18 mo
Stranger anxiety: begins at 8-10 mo, declines at 2
age of critical period when children are separated from mothers that causes lasting damage
7 mo
Emotions that Graham is just starting to experience in 18-24 mo window
envy, empathy and embarrassment
Does guilt or shame produce more motivation to change
Shame - made people more likely to distance themselves from the event too
What is the intervention that was designed to stop the coercive family cycle (a) threats or aggression work temporarily b) the child learns the aggressive behaviors and learns ab tantrum success c) interactions escalate over time)
Parent Management Training – Oregon Model (PMTO)
Which is more advanced, associative play or social play
associative play - child interacts with other children but without shared goals (whereas social doesn’t include interaction)
What feeling towards the other partner is the best predictor of divorce
contempt - particularly with early divorces; neuroticism is highly linked to divorce as well
If a parent gets divorced, what is the optimal age of children at time of remarry
9 and younger (10-14 have the most problems, particularly girls)
Phases of IPV
Tension building
Acute battering
Loving contrition
Based on their research, Kagan and his colleagues (Kagan et al., 2007) concluded that __________ is a temperament characteristic that has a biological basis and is relatively stable over time.
behavioral inhibition
According to Vygotsky, children’s ______ play provides them with a zone of proximal development.
make-believe
A child explores the use of a block by banging it against the tray on his highchair, using it to push another block across the tray, and dropping it while sitting in his high chair. As described by Piaget, this is an example of
tertiary circular reactions - start between 12 and 18 m onths
Regarding health, is being married more beneficial for men or women?
beneficial effects on the health behaviors of men and women, but the benefits are more pronounced for men.
According to Piaget, deferred imitation (copying another kids behavior awhile after the other kid stops) starts between
18-24 mo
Bronfenbrenner’s’s system that consists of elements in the environment that the child may not have direct contact with but affect the child’s immediate environment. It includes the parents’ places of work, community services, and government agencies.
exosystm
The last of the self conscious emotions to emerge
pride, shame, and guilt (30-36 mo)
As described by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, a parent’s workplace, the child’s extended family, and the mass media are part of the child’s:
exosystem.
In Ainsworth’s (Ainsworth et al., 1978) “strange situation,” an infant with a(n) ____________ attachment pattern clings to his/her mother, is very upset when she leaves, and is angry and rejects her when she returns. Mothers with this attachment pattern are usually ____________.
resistant; inconsistent in their caregiving
