Physiology and Pharm Flashcards
Negative emotions are processed in the __ hemi; positive emotions are processed in the __ hemi
Negative = right; Positive = left (damage to LH then can cause catastrophizing)
Reward pathway associated with refinorcing effects of alcohol and drugs
Mesolimbic pathway (VTA to nucleus acc); positive sx of schiz
4 dopamine pathways
MMNT
Mesocortical (VTA to PFC; neg schiz)
Mesolimbic (VTA to nucleus acc; pos schiz)
Nigrostriatal (sub. nigra to striatum; motor)
Tuberoinfundibular (hypothalamus to pituitary)
Neurotransmitter associated with depression, sleep prob, and cog problems in PD?
norepinephrine loss in locus cureleus
glutamate associated with progression of PD
Apathetic-akinetic syndrome is associated with damage to where
Medial PFC damage
Conduction aphasia
Damage to arcuate fasiculus; impaired repetition with spared comprehension and fluency
Hemispatial neglect is most common on what side of the body
Left side (because right parietal lobe is dominant spatial attention area)
Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by damage to the _____ parietal lobe
Left parietal lobe
The pons, cerebellum, and medulla are all part of the
hindbrain
2 Ls of the left hemisphere
Language and logic
Perception of pain and schizophrenia positive symptoms are associated with what neuroanatomical area
thalamus
Neuroanatomical area associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome
amygdala + temporal lobes
removal of amygdala = decreased aggression, but increased apathy, hypersexuality, hyerphagia
area that moderates aggression; damage can cause rage
Septum (allows you to simmer down)
Is the overall role of the basal ganglia inhibitory or disinhibtory?
Inhibitory - the INDIRECT pathway increases inhibition (turns motor activity down)
In a neuron, at rest there is a ____ of sodium outside the cell; when an action potential is triggered, sodium then rushes _____
At rest, there is excess sodium OUTSIDE THE CELL (so neuron is negatively charged)
Action potential: sodium rushes INTO the cell and potassium moves out
Mania occurs where there is too much of X, depression occurs where there is too little of X
norepinephrine
Does the forebrain include subcortical structures?
Yes
Two types of cells in the nervous system
Neurons Glia (structural support - produces myelin, insulation, and nutrients)
Excess dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to ____
Tourettes
Neurotransmitter involved in movement and memory
acetylcholine
Migraines, OCD, bulemia, and suicide are all linked to low levels of what?
Anorexia is associated with high levels of what?
serotonin
Degeneration of these neurotransmitters is associated with Huntington’s
GABA and Ach in basal ganglia
Two motor symptoms of Huntington’s
Athetosis (slow writhing movements)
Chorea (fast, jerky movements)
Event-based prospective memory (remembering to give your coworker a message when you see her) is associated with what anatomical area
PFC
Kandel’s slug studies revealed that short-term memory depends on ____, whereas long-term memory depends on _____
STM = release of serotonin LTM = new synapses and changes in neuron structure
Long-term potentiation
Occurs in a neuron as a result of rapid/high freq stimulation; plays role in LTM
First observed in glutatmate receptors in hippocampus
Depends on RNA synthesis
Most dreams occur in what stage of sleep
REM sleep; as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep increases
The 4 stages of REM sleep are evident by what age in humans
6 mo
Older adults spend less time in what sleep stage
deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) and they have more distrubted REM sleep throughout the night;
older adults have advanced sleep phase (going to sleep earlier and waking up earlier)
Which results in weight loss, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism (with increased appetite); sweating, diarrhea, palpitations, fatigue, insomnia); Graves disease is most common form of hyperthroidism
Classic diabetes symptoms (3 Ps)
polyuria (increased urination)
polydipsia (increased thirst)
polyphagia (increased appetite)
Hyperglycemia is diagnostic
Kailyn’s fiance who never hit puberty probably has problems with
Hypopituitarism
Addison’s disease results from too little ___ whereas Cushing’s results from too much ___
corticosteroids
Which is more accurate for detecting differences between stimuli at extreme intensities, Weber’s Law or Fechner’s
Fechners (logarithmic relationship instead of Weber which proposed constant relationship)
Which theory of emotion supports the facial feedback hypothesis
James-Lange (Stimulus -> physiological response -> Emotion)
According to Cannon-Bard theory, where emotion and physiological arousal occur together at the same time, do emotions produce different physiological arousal?
No; so differences in emotional reactions are NOT becasue of differences in arousal
Excitation transfer theory
Zillman
physical arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal at a later event
Three stages of cognitive appraisal theory
1) Primary appraisal (is the event stressful)
2) Secondary appraisal (what are my options to deal)
3) Reappraisal (do I need to change anything about 1 and 2)
Allostasis
the processes that allow the body to adapt to change (i.e., increasing blood pressure to adapt to stressful event); these processes results in an allostatic state that can be maintained for a limited period of time with few consequences, unless allostatic overload occurs and the immune system is weakened
What medication was initially developed to treat high blood pressure but is also used for ADHD?
Guanfacine (Intuniv)
Clonidine (Kapvay)
LD50
minimum drug dose that had a lethal effect in 50% of the test sample (animal studies)
ED50 = minimum drug dose that produced the therapeutic effect in 50% of the test sample
Narrow therapeutic window
Drugs are not that safe; occurs when ED50 (effectiveness in 50%) is the same or higher than TD (toxic dose)
Key withdrawal symptom of phenobarbital
hallucinations
Chronic __________ excitotoxicity has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and several other neurodegenerative disorders.
glutamate
Which is more likely to have anticholinergic effects, TCAs or SSRIs
TCA
If IM acts more aggressive and goes to boxing class because she thinks she has anger problems like her dad, what is this called
niche-picking
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
a rare side effect of neuroleptic drugs that produces hyperthermia, severe muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, tachycardia, and altered consciousness. Because NMS is life-threatening, the drug must be discontinued as soon as symptoms develop.
Are dreams more likely to be recalled from REM or non-REM sleep?
REM - and more likely to be bizarre and emotional in REM sleep
Hypnagogic hallucinations
occur during transition from awake to sleepiness
hypnAgogic from Awake to sleepy
hynopoMpic in the Morning from sleepy to awake
Is ideomotor apraxia associated with the dominant or non-dominant parietal lobe
dominant - left
A person taking what drug should avoid eating foods containing tyramine?
MAOI
Of the antipsychotic drugs, __________ is most likely to be a side effect of clozapine.
agranulocytosis, which is a rare but potentially fatal blood disorder that’s characterized by an abnormally low level of white blood cells
BUT clozapine is less likely to produce motor sx
Greatest age related atrophy occurs where in the brain
frontal and parietal lobes
Drugs to try next for bipolar if lithium doenst work
carbamazepine and divalproex
Another name for active sleep
REM
