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EPPP > Physiology and Pharm > Flashcards

Physiology and Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Negative emotions are processed in the __ hemi; positive emotions are processed in the __ hemi

A

Negative = right; Positive = left (damage to LH then can cause catastrophizing)

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2
Q

Reward pathway associated with refinorcing effects of alcohol and drugs

A

Mesolimbic pathway (VTA to nucleus acc); positive sx of schiz

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3
Q

4 dopamine pathways

A

MMNT
Mesocortical (VTA to PFC; neg schiz)
Mesolimbic (VTA to nucleus acc; pos schiz)
Nigrostriatal (sub. nigra to striatum; motor)
Tuberoinfundibular (hypothalamus to pituitary)

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter associated with depression, sleep prob, and cog problems in PD?

A

norepinephrine loss in locus cureleus

glutamate associated with progression of PD

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5
Q

Apathetic-akinetic syndrome is associated with damage to where

A

Medial PFC damage

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6
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to arcuate fasiculus; impaired repetition with spared comprehension and fluency

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7
Q

Hemispatial neglect is most common on what side of the body

A

Left side (because right parietal lobe is dominant spatial attention area)

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8
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by damage to the _____ parietal lobe

A

Left parietal lobe

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9
Q

The pons, cerebellum, and medulla are all part of the

A

hindbrain

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10
Q

2 Ls of the left hemisphere

A

Language and logic

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11
Q

Perception of pain and schizophrenia positive symptoms are associated with what neuroanatomical area

A

thalamus

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12
Q

Neuroanatomical area associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

amygdala + temporal lobes

removal of amygdala = decreased aggression, but increased apathy, hypersexuality, hyerphagia

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13
Q

area that moderates aggression; damage can cause rage

A

Septum (allows you to simmer down)

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14
Q

Is the overall role of the basal ganglia inhibitory or disinhibtory?

A

Inhibitory - the INDIRECT pathway increases inhibition (turns motor activity down)

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15
Q

In a neuron, at rest there is a ____ of sodium outside the cell; when an action potential is triggered, sodium then rushes _____

A

At rest, there is excess sodium OUTSIDE THE CELL (so neuron is negatively charged)

Action potential: sodium rushes INTO the cell and potassium moves out

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16
Q

Mania occurs where there is too much of X, depression occurs where there is too little of X

A

norepinephrine

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17
Q

Does the forebrain include subcortical structures?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Two types of cells in the nervous system

A 
Neurons
Glia (structural support - produces myelin, insulation, and nutrients)
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19
Q

Excess dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to ____

A

Tourettes

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in movement and memory

A

acetylcholine

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21
Q

Migraines, OCD, bulemia, and suicide are all linked to low levels of what?

Anorexia is associated with high levels of what?

A

serotonin

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22
Q

Degeneration of these neurotransmitters is associated with Huntington’s

A

GABA and Ach in basal ganglia

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23
Q

Two motor symptoms of Huntington’s

A

Athetosis (slow writhing movements)

Chorea (fast, jerky movements)

24
Q

Event-based prospective memory (remembering to give your coworker a message when you see her) is associated with what anatomical area

A

PFC

25
Q

Kandel’s slug studies revealed that short-term memory depends on ____, whereas long-term memory depends on _____

A 
STM = release of serotonin
LTM = new synapses and changes in neuron structure
26
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Occurs in a neuron as a result of rapid/high freq stimulation; plays role in LTM

First observed in glutatmate receptors in hippocampus

Depends on RNA synthesis

27
Q

Most dreams occur in what stage of sleep

A

REM sleep; as the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep increases

28
Q

The 4 stages of REM sleep are evident by what age in humans

A

6 mo

29
Q

Older adults spend less time in what sleep stage

A

deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) and they have more distrubted REM sleep throughout the night;

older adults have advanced sleep phase (going to sleep earlier and waking up earlier)

30
Q

Which results in weight loss, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism (with increased appetite); sweating, diarrhea, palpitations, fatigue, insomnia); Graves disease is most common form of hyperthroidism

31
Q

Classic diabetes symptoms (3 Ps)

A

polyuria (increased urination)
polydipsia (increased thirst)
polyphagia (increased appetite)

Hyperglycemia is diagnostic

32
Q

Kailyn’s fiance who never hit puberty probably has problems with

A

Hypopituitarism

33
Q

Addison’s disease results from too little ___ whereas Cushing’s results from too much ___

A

corticosteroids

34
Q

Which is more accurate for detecting differences between stimuli at extreme intensities, Weber’s Law or Fechner’s

A

Fechners (logarithmic relationship instead of Weber which proposed constant relationship)

35
Q

Which theory of emotion supports the facial feedback hypothesis

A

James-Lange (Stimulus -> physiological response -> Emotion)

36
Q

According to Cannon-Bard theory, where emotion and physiological arousal occur together at the same time, do emotions produce different physiological arousal?

A

No; so differences in emotional reactions are NOT becasue of differences in arousal

37
Q

Excitation transfer theory

A

Zillman

physical arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal at a later event

38
Q

Three stages of cognitive appraisal theory

A

1) Primary appraisal (is the event stressful)
2) Secondary appraisal (what are my options to deal)
3) Reappraisal (do I need to change anything about 1 and 2)

39
Q

Allostasis

A

the processes that allow the body to adapt to change (i.e., increasing blood pressure to adapt to stressful event); these processes results in an allostatic state that can be maintained for a limited period of time with few consequences, unless allostatic overload occurs and the immune system is weakened

40
Q

What medication was initially developed to treat high blood pressure but is also used for ADHD?

A

Guanfacine (Intuniv)

Clonidine (Kapvay)

41
Q

LD50

A

minimum drug dose that had a lethal effect in 50% of the test sample (animal studies)

ED50 = minimum drug dose that produced the therapeutic effect in 50% of the test sample

42
Q

Narrow therapeutic window

A

Drugs are not that safe; occurs when ED50 (effectiveness in 50%) is the same or higher than TD (toxic dose)

43
Q

Key withdrawal symptom of phenobarbital

A

hallucinations

44
Q

Chronic __________ excitotoxicity has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and several other neurodegenerative disorders.

A

glutamate

45
Q

Which is more likely to have anticholinergic effects, TCAs or SSRIs

A

TCA

46
Q

If IM acts more aggressive and goes to boxing class because she thinks she has anger problems like her dad, what is this called

A

niche-picking

47
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

a rare side effect of neuroleptic drugs that produces hyperthermia, severe muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, tachycardia, and altered consciousness. Because NMS is life-threatening, the drug must be discontinued as soon as symptoms develop.

48
Q

Are dreams more likely to be recalled from REM or non-REM sleep?

A

REM - and more likely to be bizarre and emotional in REM sleep

49
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

occur during transition from awake to sleepiness
hypnAgogic from Awake to sleepy
hynopoMpic in the Morning from sleepy to awake

50
Q

Is ideomotor apraxia associated with the dominant or non-dominant parietal lobe

A

dominant - left

51
Q

A person taking what drug should avoid eating foods containing tyramine?

A

MAOI

52
Q

Of the antipsychotic drugs, __________ is most likely to be a side effect of clozapine.

A

agranulocytosis, which is a rare but potentially fatal blood disorder that’s characterized by an abnormally low level of white blood cells

BUT clozapine is less likely to produce motor sx

53
Q

Greatest age related atrophy occurs where in the brain

A

frontal and parietal lobes

54
Q

Drugs to try next for bipolar if lithium doenst work

A

carbamazepine and divalproex

55
Q

Another name for active sleep

A

REM

EPPP (12 decks)

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